Essay on Huckleberry Finn Paper Slave Conditions

In the years leading up to the American Civil War, life for slaves was arduous and full of hard work and servitude. They were tied to their masters, with the notable exceptions of when they were resold and traded among other slavers. Violence was common as a form of coercion and punishment, due to the harsh conditions that slaves often had to work under; men were beaten, and women were sexually assaulted on a regular basis. Slave families were very difficult to form and keep together, due to the frivolous sale and purchase of slaves by plantation owners. Often, parents and children were torn apart as they were sold to different plantations, as there was no way to protect themselves from this sort of harsh fate. With these difficult circumstances in mind, and the plight of the slave in 19th century America, the tale of Jim in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an uplifting, if darkly realistic one, especially as the events that inspired his escape attempt were all too common in that er a, and his problems were very indicative of the average slave of the time. As soon as newly transported slaves made it to their new homes with their masters, they were typically put to work in some of the most physically demanding and unforgiving jobs possible at the time, such as clearing trees, breaking in fields with new crops, and picking cotton. Their hours were harsh, often working from sunrise to sunset, and their immune systems were not used to the new diseases and illnesses that awaited them in America, which was not helped by the presence of mosquitoes near the water beds where they were forced to toil. So many slaves died in such great numbers that many planters opted to rent slaves for the harder work, instead of risking the ones that they owned. (Berlin, 174) The women did not have it any better: they were always expected or forced to have sexual relations with their owners, and illegitimate children with slave women were common. In Harriet Jacob’s semi-autobiographical novel Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, she writes that her master â€Å"tried his utmost to corrupt the pure principles my grandmother had instilled. He peopled my young mind with unclean images, such as only a vile monster could think of. I turned from him with disgust and hatred. But he was my master. I was compelled to live under the sameroof with himwhere I saw a man forty years my senior daily violating the most sacred commandments of nature.† (Jacobs, 21) This clearly illustrated the sexual abuse that she had to endure at the hands of her master, something that she did not escape even when she moved on to other masters and owners. As a result, whether you had to work out in the fields or in the master’s home, being a slave was an environmen t that few wished upon themselves. Despite all this, there were slaves who attempted to make the best of it and form families of their own. Granted, these times were few, as not many slaves attempted to form families, due to the lack of travel opportunities in order to find a mate or lower success rates of births because of the stress associated with slave life. It was also tough to keep families together if you were slaves, as slave owners would buy and sell their slaves at a moment’s notice, thereby tearing apart families that had been formed within the ranks of their workers. There was no official church or legal recognition of slave marriages. (â€Å"African American Family†)   Even the most tenuous of connections to a slave family after being moved made it harder still to cope with the separation, as seen in Lewis Clarke’s book Narrative of the Sufferings of Lewis Clarke:But all my severe labor, bitter and cruel punishments for these ten years of captivity with this worse than Arab family, all these were as nothing to the sufferings experienced by being separated from my mother, brothers and sisters; the same things, with them near to sympathize with me, to hear my story of sorrow, would have been comparatively tolerable. They were distant only about thirty miles, and yet in ten long, lonely years of childhood, I was only permitted to see them three times.  (22) All of these facts about the lives of slaves are in the background or come directly into play in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, especially where it pertains to the life of Jim. The entire impetus of Jim deciding to escape in the first place is his realization that he is going to be sold downriver to worse slave owners by Mrs. Watson (60). This kind of thing was common at the time, as slaves were sold whenever a better price could be found; Jim’s serendipitous eavesdropping allowed him to take action before it was too late. If he had not done so, he would have had to resign himself to further enslavement and worse conditions than he had experienced before; while he was still a slave, Jim recognized the favor that he carried with Mrs. Watson, and selling him to another slave owner ran the incredible risk of putting him in harsher labor than he was experiencing now. With that in mind, Jim opted to try for freedom rather than be sold further south, where he would surely be treate d worse. Jim’s objectives also play into the fact that slave families were hard to keep together, as he sought to escape to Ohio, where he could then attempt to purchase the freedom of his family and forego the normal hardships that would go along with the typical slave family experience. Much like many slaves repeatedly were during the era of slavery in the Americas, Jim was a commodity, a product, something to be bought and sold as soon as the right bargain came along. African Americans had an extremely hard time in the United States, due to the environment they were brought to and forced to work in. Even their basest attempts to form families and create some sort of independent happiness for themselves were made nearly impossible, given the incredible circumstances they were put through. The book Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain was allowed to illustrate this point, and possibly helped shed some light on the humanity of these slaves to those who may not have given them a second glance. This is the sad truth of such an ugly part of our history, but a necessary one to remember if we are to move on and not repeat the same mistakes. Works Cited The African American Family : The Colonial Williamsburg Official History Site.  Becoming Americans. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.  Colonial Williamsburg Official History Site. Web. 31 Jan. 2011. http://www.history.org/almanack/life/family/black.cfm. Berlin, Ira.  Generations of Captivity: a History of African-American Slaves. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2003. Print. Jacobs, Harriet A.  Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1987. Print. Clarke, Lewis. Narrative of the Sufferings of Lewis Clarke, During a Captivity of More than Twenty-Five Years, Among the Algerines of Kentucky, One of the So Called Christian States of North America. Boston: David H. Ela, Printer, 1845. Twain, Mark.  Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Berkeley: University of California, 2003. Print.

Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay - 552 Words

In the book Fahrenheit 451 the theme is a society/world that revolves around being basically brain washed or programmed because of the lack of people not thinking for themselves concerning the loss of knowledge, and imagination from books that dont exist to them. In such stories as the Kurt Vonneguts quot;You have insulted me letterquot; also involving censorship to better society from vulgarity and from certain aspects of life that could be seen as disruptive to day to day society which leads to censorship of language and books. Both stories deal with censorship and by that society is destructed in a certain way by the loss of knowledge from books. Fahrenheit 451 involves such characters as Guy Montag, Mildred Montag, Captain†¦show more content†¦In quot;You Have Insulted Mequot; a letter by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. is another good example of censorship in our own society. That relates to Fahrenheit 451 concerning censorship but there is also a difference in Fahrenheit 451 compared to the quot;the letterquot; by Vonnegut. In Fahrenheit the idea of censorship are no books what so ever because of the lack of society reading, but in quot;the letterquot; books are denied to younger readers and the public because of content, such as vulgarity, and sexuality. They both lack knowledge that is given but never fully taken in and which makes them both a censored society/world. Censorship is widely used in our society to prevent us from seeing or hearing things that could disrupt our surroundings. Is it right to censor or not, its tough question and that question appears in Fahrenheit 451, The Letter, and our own day to day lifes. In Fahrenheit and The Letter they were censored to better the society without knowing the true aspects of the life. Also in both stories it seems as though censorship is fear, afraid of something that could be wonderful and even knowledgeable to society. In Fahrenheit 451 the lack of books later turns the book in an avalanche effect of conformity leading toShow MoreRelatedRay Bradburys Fahrenheit 4511020 Words   |  5 Pagesthe penalty for their possession—to watch them combust into ashes. Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451, illustrates just such a society. Bradbury wrote his science fiction in 1951 depicting a society of modern age with technology abundant in this day and age—even though such technology was unheard of in his day. Electronics such as headphones, wall-sized television sets, and automatic doors were all a significant part of Bradbury’s description of humanity. Human life styles were also predicted; theRead MoreAnalysis of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451525 Words   |  2 Pages Ray Bradbury’s dystopian novel, â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† depicts a future in which all books are outlawed, and the main character, Guy Montag, is a â€Å"fireman†, someone hired to burn books. T he novel has won multiple awards and is widely regarded as one of Bradbury’s best works. â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† is largely subjected to interpretation, surrounded by many theories as to why it was written. â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† is strongly themed and can lead the reader to produce a plethora of ideas for it’s meaning , and theRead MoreSummary Of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451912 Words   |  4 PagesBradbury uses a characters to represent the lives of other characters. In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, Clarisse causes Guy Montag to question his wife, Beatty, and his society (Bradbury, 1953). Clarisse McClellan makes Montag realise how unhappy he is in his marriage and that he really does not have a good relationship with Mildred (Bradbury, 1953). Montag soon begins to question being a fireman and working alongside Captain Beatty. Montag gets very tired living fast past and not getting the timeRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 4511113 Word s   |  5 Pagesand Dying, once imagined that, â€Å"The most beautiful people we have known are those who have known defeat, known suffering, known struggle, known loss, and have found their way out of those depths.† The text’s collection focus on Ray Bradbury’s science fiction, Fahrenheit 451 discusses about the growth and struggles of Guy Montag’s beliefs against his society. Montag is a fireman and his job is to restrain people from learning by burning books. He meets special people and realizes the stimulation andRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 4511038 Words   |  5 Pagesexpressionless faces connected to even more mindless robotic people. A world where one just breathes and eats, but never truly feels any emotion. Our world is on the way to becoming this, but for Millie and Montag this was a sad, sad, reality in Ray Bradbury’s book Fahrenheit 451. Everything grows with time as did our main character Montag throughout the boo k. Montag begins as a mindless follower and evolves into a fearless leader. As he grows into this leader his relationship with Mildred goes through multipleRead MoreCensorship in Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451777 Words   |  3 PagesFahrenheit 451 accurately portrays Censorship as it has been throughout history. Ray Bradbury was probably influenced by world events during his time, such as the cold war and other diplomatic leaders who have censored their citizens to avoid the truth from getting out. From politicians right now and their attempts to censor the media, to censorship from the history of other foreign countries the actions of the â€Å"Firemen† in Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 are similar in method and meaning. The actionRead MoreRay Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay875 Words   |  4 PagesIn Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury uses the life of Guy Montag, a fireman in a near future dystopia, to make an argument against mindless conformity and bli ssful ignorance. In Bradbury’s world, the firemen that Montag is a part of create fires to burn books instead of putting out fires. By burning books, the firemen eliminate anything that might be controversial and make people think, thus creating a conforming population that never live a full life. Montag is part of this population forRead MoreRay Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Character Analysis708 Words   |  3 Pagesworld is like for Guy Montag in Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451. In the beginning of the novel, Guy Montag is a fireman who believes that there has never been and will never be a need for books and every book should burn. As the story progresses, he interacts with people and experiences events in his life that change his beliefs and views of the world. By the end of the novel, Guy Montag can recite parts of books off the top of his head. In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, Guy Montag learns the truthRead MoreReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay1496 W ords   |  6 PagesReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 In Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451, the author utilizes the luxuries of life in America today, in addition to various occupations Read MoreEssay about Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 4512103 Words   |  9 Pagesthe point where they cannot entertain their minds with anything meaningful. Above all, the people of this society shun books and remain ignorant about their history and anything beyond their lifestyles. This is the society which Ray Bradbury conjures up in Fahrenheit 451 using science fictional elements to convey the importance of remembering, freedom of speech, and less reliance on machinery. Science fiction was the best medium to help Bradbury express his ideas because it provides the proper balance

Chapter 16 Outline, World Civilizations Free Essays

string(78) " the north and west in their search for new trade routes and unsettled lands\." The postclassical period in the West is referred to as the Middle Ages. After recovering from the fall of Rome’s ancient empire, civilization gradually spread beyond the Mediterranean to the rest of western Europe. Most of the West was converted to Christianity. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 16 Outline, World Civilizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the Middle Ages, Europe began to establish stronger ties with other Eurasian civilizations and with Africa. As a result of these connections, Europe learned new technologies. The Flavor of the Middle Ages: Inferiority and VitalityEurope lagged behind other civilizations in terms of its economy, technological development, and learning during much of the Middle Ages. The inferiority of European civilization helps to explain hostility toward the more powerful world of Islam. The Crusades were an outgrowth of Western anxiety about the growth of Islam. Western political structures were somewhat similar to other developing civilization centers in Africa and Japan. Despite its backwardness in comparison to other core civilizations, the West advanced significantly during the Middle Ages. Stages of Postclassical DevelopmentIntroduction The political structure of the West remained chaotic between the fifth and tenth centuries. The center of the postclassical West moved out of the Mediterranean to the northern plains that stretched from the Low Countries across France and into western Germany. The West remained vulnerable to continued invasions during this period. Given the political instability, cultural achievements in the first five centuries of the Middle Ages were limited. The Manorial System: Obligations and Allegiances Although there were kingdoms established, the most effective political organization was local.Manorialism, a system designed to establish communal agricultural activity, featured serfs, who farmed land belonging to lords in return for which the militarized aristocracy provided protection. Technology was limited and production was dependent on the number of man hours applied to the tasks of agricultural labor. In addition to their labor, serfs were required to pay a portion of their produce to their lords. Serfs retained ownership of their houses and could pass property on from one generation to another. The Church: Political and Spiritual PowerPerhaps the most effective supranational government during the five centuries after the fall of the western empire was the Catholic Church. Popes attempted to appoint bishops, regulated doctrine, sent missionaries, and sought to impose a centralized government based on the old Roman Empire. Germanic kings, such as Clovis of the Franks, converted to Christianity as a means of buttressing their own authority. Western monasticism provided another source of Church authority, helped preserve some ancient texts, and contributed to the spiritual focus of the early Middle Ages.Charlemagne and His Successors In the eighth century, the Carolingian family took over the Frankish monarchy. The most important of the Carolingian rulers was Charles the Great, or Charlemagne. Charles was able to unify much of western Europe under his control and to renew the title of emperor by 800. After his death, however, the Carolingian empire rapidly splintered into numerous successor kingdoms.? After the decline of the Carolingian empire, the political history of western Europe consisted of the development of regional monarchies, although the title of emperor was retained.In the period immediately after the collapse of the Carolingian empire, rulers in Germany were most powerful. They styled themselves â€Å"holy Roman emperors. † In fact, the kingdom of the Germans was among the least centralized governments of the early Middle Ages. New Economic and Urban Vigor In the ninth and tenth centuries, a series of technological innovations began to increase agricultural productivity in western Europe and enhance economic prosperity. External invasions began to diminish, leading to greater political stability. Most importantly, the population of western Europe began to increase.The increased population both provided more labor for the agricultural system and also created a demand for other goods. Regional centers of trade and a merchant class developed.? Whole regions, like northeastern Germany, were colonized by landlords and serfs. To encourage settlement, lords tended to relax the requirements of serfdom. In both the Low Countries and Italy, town life recovered or started anew. Towns remained small, but they were important contributors to the spread of literacy and the acceleration of the economic recovery. Within the towns, a formal education system, at first organized around cathedrals, began to emerge.From these foundations sprang the medieval universities, specializing in theology, law, and medicine. Feudal Monarchies and Political Advances From the sixth century, the most important political relationships involved feudalism a system linking landlords in military alliances. Greater landlords provided protection and aid to lesser lords, called vassals, in return for loyalty and military service. Charlemagne’s relatively fragmented empire accelerated the development of regional feudalism. While feudalism inhibited the growth of centralized states, it did help to end local warfare.Over time feudal monarchy based on the king’s relationship to powerful regional vassals came into existence. Kings of France improved their position after the tenth century and began to develop a small bureaucracy.? The Norman Conquest of 1066 introduced feudal monarchy into England. Because of the ability of William the Conqueror to introduce the feudal system abruptly, England was more centralized than other feudal monarchies. By the thirteenth century, a centralized system of feudal monarchy complete with a bureaucracy and links to regional administration existed in France. Limited GovernmentNot all of western Europe managed to create centralized monarchies. Much of Germany, the Low Countries, and Italy remained fragmented into regional states and city- states. The power of the church limited political claims of some monarchs, and feudalism also created limits. In England the Magna Carta confirmed feudal rights, and parliaments, generally, resulted from the same sort of feudal balance between lord and vassals. In some cases local battles gave way to larger wars like the Hundred Years’ War. The West’s Expansionist Impulse Population growth and religious evangelism were the hallmarks of western expansion.On the eastern frontiers of Germany and the southern frontiers of the Christian kingdoms of Spain settlers moved outward into new regions. Scandinavian voyagers pushed ever farther to the north and west in their search for new trade routes and unsettled lands. You read "Chapter 16 Outline, World Civilizations" in category "Papers" The most dramatic aspect of western expansion was the Crusades launched initially to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims. Pope Urban II called the First Crusade in 1095. The first crusading effort resulted in the creation of Christian lordships in the Holy Land by 1099. Subsequent Crusades were less successful, and the focus on recovering the Holy Land was lost.The Fourth Crusade actually resulted in the conquest of Christian Constantinople. Religious Reform and Evolution Church reform arose in the eleventh century to attack increasing secularism. In monasticism, the thirteenth century saw the founding of such reforming orders as the Franciscans and the Poor Clares, founded by St Francis and St. Clare, both of Assisi. Pope Gregory VII launched an attempt to free the Church hierarchy from secular manipulation in the late eleventh century. The issue of lay investiture of bishops led to conflict between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire.Subsequent popes attempted to establish the supremacy of the Church government over secular monarchies. A system of ecclesiastical courts arose torule on matters of church law. The High Middle Ages During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the postclassical West enjoyed its greatest creativity and economic prosperity. Tensions existed between the agents of regional control, the developing monarchies, and the Church’s claims to universal authority. The social order was increasingly forced to expand in order to deal with the new significance of urban residents and merchants. Western Culture in the Postclassical EraIntroduction Christian culture provided the common denominator for western Europe. Theology: Assimilating Faith and Reason Until 1000, most theological inquiry was restricted to collection of ancient texts related to important theological questions. Efforts were made to incorporate logical thinking in theological inquiry. Use of logic, particularly reflecting the influence of Aristotle, led to new theological lines of inquiry after 1000. Peter Abelard was one of the more important theologians involved in the process of eliminating contradictions in earlier theological works through the use of logic.Others, such as Bernard of Clairvaux, opposed the growing popularity of logic and rationalism and chose to stress the means to mystical union with the divine. The tension between rational inquiry and mystical devotion was also common to Islamic theology. The pursuit of rationalism within theology led to the growth of western universities and reinvigorated the pursuit of ancient knowledge and imports from the Islamic world. ? Benefiting from the importation of ideas, Thomas Aquinas of the University of Paris attempted to summarize all knowledge in his Summas. His work marked the high point of scholasticism.Emphasis on classical knowledge tended to discourage new scientific discoveries. Scientific investigation accelerated after the thirteenth century. Popular Religion Less is known about popular belief than about theological investigation in the universities. Veneration of saints remained popular, as the masses sought intermediaries with God. Magic and popular festivals also remained features of popular piety. Religious Themes in Art and Literature Much art and architecture was devoted to the Church. Western artists concentrated on religious subjects almost exclusively.Medieval architecture developed from Roman models. During the eleventh century, Gothic architecture replaced the more derivative Romanesque style. Writing in Latin was primarily devoted to theology, government, and law. Popular literature emerged in the vernacular languages of Europe. Although always with some reference to religion, vernacular literature often featured more earthly concerns as well. Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical Centuries Introduction Economic activity and social structure also provided common elements for Western civilization during the postclassical period.The medieval economy rapidly departed from classical norms to develop a more expansive and productive economic life. New Strains in Rural Life Agricultural improvements after 800 allowed some peasants to become virtually free landholders. Lords used trade based on improved productivity to improve their standards of living. Tensions between peasants and lords emerged, as peasants sought greater freedom in the face of landlords’ attempts to increase fees and exactions from the land. On the whole, however, the conditions of peasants improved as productivity surpassed that of the ancient world.Growth of Trade and Banking Greater agricultural production led to urbanization and more specialized commercial activities. Banking arose in Italy as well as southern Germany, the Low Countries, France, and Britain. As the market expertise of western merchants increased, Italians began to connect Europe with other parts of Eurasia through Mediterranean trade routes. Commercial alliances resulted in the formation of urban leagues, such as the Hanseatic League of northern Germany. The development of banking helped create the business environment that spawned capitalism.Because governments were less centralized, merchants had greater freedom in the West than in other civilizations.? Despite the beginnings of the capitalistic spirit, protectionist organization the guilds dominated European cities. Both merchants and artisans grouped together to control their commercial and industrial endeavors, monopolize their businesses, and regulate training. Membership in guilds was the key to importance in urban politics. Despite the general conservatism of the guilds, western industrial technology did make strides to overtake other civilizations during the Middle Ages.Limited Sphere for Women As in other civilizations, the postclassical West increasingly limited the roles for women in the economy. Western women enjoyed some relative advantages; they were not confined to the household, veiled, or legally deprived of rights. Yet western women found themselves increasingly limited by the power of male organizations. Patriarchal structures became more powerful. The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis Introduction After 1300, elements of the medieval culture began to change under the pressure of lengthy warfare, agricultural shortages, and plague. Plague diminished the population prompting a renewal of social tensions between peasantry and landlords. Signs of Strain There were numerous indications of the disruption of the medieval synthesis. The landowning aristocracy lost its monopoly over the execution of war. Aristocratic life became progressively more mannered. The ability of the Church to manage the development of Christianity, the most important unifying element of the medieval West, declined during the later Middle Ages. As a result, popular heresies flourished. Scholasticism lost its dynamism, as it became more difficult to blend rationalism and religion. Intellectuals began to search for different emphases. Conclusion: The Postclassical West and Its Heritage: A Balance Sheet In some ways, the medieval West did remain backward in comparison to civilizations in China and South Asia. There were some advances. Medieval thinkers did help to recapture the rationalism of their classical past. Art and architecture showed some creativity in leaving classical forms. In politics, medieval rulers abandoned the imperial past to create more limited regional monarchies. The medieval economy prepared the way for the development of western capitalism. In short, the medieval West created its own, distinct culture. The postclassical West shared some characteristics with other civilized cores. Conversion to Christianity bore some resemblance to Islamic civilization. Medieval rulers mimicked some of the tactics of centralization found in Chinese civilization. Like Africa, western monarchies remained small and regionalized. As in Japan, feudalism emerged. Unlike either Africa or Japan, the West was more expansive and established much more extensive contacts with other civilizations. http://occawlonline. pearsoned. com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter16/objectives/deluxe-content. html How to cite Chapter 16 Outline, World Civilizations, Papers

Five Competitive Forces That Shape Organisation

Question1: Analyse the effectiveness of a range of strategies which an organization could use to improve engagement with its employees. Using an organization of your knowledge, comment on how the company has implemented employee engagement techniques. Answer1: The strategies and their effectiveness which the organisation use to improve employee engagement are as under. Fringe benefits: Along with the salary, companies provide additional benefits to its employees like fuel expenses, communication expenses, utility services, housing etc. This can be one of the good strategies depending upon the demography of the employees. (Luthans et al, 2002). Work environment: Companies provide a friendly and an open work environment to the employees to add to their comfort while in office. It add to the overall happiness and satisfaction to the employee in the long run. (Luthans et al, 2002). Bonus and rewards: Organisations generally have programs to recognise the exceptional work done by the employees by providing them bonus and awards which not only motivates them but also instils a sense of competition among employees. (Kompaso et al, 2010). Extra-curricular activities: Companies organize sports meets, informal get-togethers and outings for employees for them to unwind and de-stress themselves from day to day work. This is very important as it gives employees a sense of togetherness and unity. (Kompaso et al, 2010). Southwest airlines is one such employer who have implemented the employee engagement strategies really well. Employee recognition program: Under this, they recognize and rewards the exceptional hard work the employee has done in addition to the roles and responsibilities provided to him. (Czaplewski et al, 2001). Biennial survey: They carry out surveys to gather feedback and suggestions from the employees on a biennial basis and on the basis of these, they make improvements and changes to the modus operandi of the organisation. (Czaplewski et al, 2001). Trainings: Southwest airlines carries out a number of training programs for its professional and customers from time to time. This not only enhance the skills and knowledge but also engage employees and the customer together. (Czaplewski et al, 2001). Employees are provided with the same concern, respect and care by the leadership. There is no discrimination on any basis. Southwest airlines believe that what you give to the employees is what your employees give to the customers. (Czaplewski et al, 2001). Question2: Explain each element of porters Five Forces Analysis. Apply each element of Porters Five Forces Analysis to an organisation of your choice. Answer2: Porters five forces with their explanation is as below. Bargaining power of the suppliers. In a market where either there are very few suppliers or the supplier is having a monopoly of certain product, the supplier enjoys the bargaining power over the buyer. It is high-demand and low-supply situation. (Porter et al, 2008). Threat of substitute. Whenever there is a product which is low on supply but is high on demand, the price tends to shoot up. To avoid such a problem, buyers generally look for the alternative product which is easily available and is lower on cost. This poses as a threat to the existing product. (Porter et al, 2008). Bargaining power of the buyers. With the availability of more than one product in the market and many suppliers to cater to the demand, buyers enjoy the bargaining power and benefit from the competition. (Porter et al, 2008). Threat of new entrants. Market scenario which is profitable for suppliers and manufacturers as a result of high demand from buyers always tends to attract new entrants who would want to take their share of the pie. This poses a threat to the existing manufacturers and products. (Porter et al, 2008). Competitive rivalry. In a market where there are many suppliers who offers similar products and service, there bound to have competition. To survive and thrive in such a situation, suppliers often comes up with offering additional benefits and try to gain as many buyers as they can. (Porter et al, 2008). Porters five forces can be explained by taking an example of Wal-Mart. Bargaining power of the suppliers. Wal-Mart holds a lot of market and being associated with it is beneficial to its suppliers. This gives Wal-Mart more bargaining power. It also have suppliers who are large in themselves and have more bargaining power than the small suppliers. (Gold et al, 2004). Threat of substitute. Wal-Mart who boasts of its robust business model which provides great variety to the customers at the lowest price. This can hardly be substituted by any competitor in the market. Although, there is a little competition provided by the online stores who provide convenience with great price. (Senauer et al, 2010). Bargaining power of the buyers. As Wal-Mart is having huge market share and is still unique in providing convenience and lower price, buyers have almost no bargaining power. If they move to a competitor, they would lose either lower price or the convenience. (Gold et al, 2004). Threat of new entrant. Wal-Mart enjoys such a position in the market which cannot be threatened by any new entrant provided the value it provides to the customers and the brand it has established. (Senauer et al, 2010). Competitive rivalry. There are three main competitors to the Wal-Mart in the market as of now. They are Sears, Target and K Mart. Target is the strongest of the three in retail sector. They have grown tremendously over the years in the domestic markets and promises a good rival to Wal-Mart in future. (Senauer et al, 2010). References: Czaplewski, A. J., Ferguson, J. M., Milliman, J. F. 2001. Southwest Airlines: How internal marketing pilots success. Marketing Management, 10(3), 14-17. Porter, M. E. 2008. The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard business review, 86(1), 25-40. Gold, M. A., Godsey, L. D., Josiah, S. J. 2004. Markets and marketing strategies for agroforestry specialty products in North America. Agroforestry systems, 61(1-3), 371-384. Senauer, B., Seltzer, J. 2010. The changing face of food retailing. Choices, 25(4). Kompaso, S. M., Sridevi, M. S. 2010. Employee engagement: The key to improving performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(12), p89. Luthans, F., Peterson, S. J. 2002. Employee engagement and manager self-efficacy. Journal of management development, 21(5), 376-387.

Kant and Mill Essay Example

Kant and Mill Essay Kant and Mill Name: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Kant and Mill specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kant and Mill specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kant and Mill specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Kant and Mill Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, both prominent philosophers have diverse opinions towards the elements of moral theories. Kant’s views are considered rather interesting while compared to those of Mill, which are more conservative. The differences in their beliefs pertaining to the moral laws have been a cause for controversy for the longest period. The ‘new-age’ philosophers have accepted neither Kant’s theory nor Mill’s. Instead, they have stated that none of the theories can stand individually but if they are both put together, they are more sensible. However, this has also stemmed some more debate and so the matter has remained unsolved in philosophy. The good will of a person is alleged to be an intrinsic feature of the individual. It refers to the kind of good that chooses to fulfill its moral duty to act in a certain way that is expected by the society. Kant stated, â€Å"A good will is not good because of what it affects or accomplishes.à ¢â‚¬  This statement is alluring not only because of the logic behind it but because it applies a lot to humanity. This is because the message the statement depicts is that a person’s goodwill is not presumably good because of the effect of the actions of the person in question. For this reason, Kant’s statement appeals to me. The actions of an individual may be focused on merely favoring some inclinations and the sum of the inclinations in question. This kind of goodwill is lacking in power according to the moral theories by both Mill and Kant. However, it should be known that goodwill could let a person have a good disposition to will in a certain way. Kant mentioned two key aspects in his theory, â€Å"the good will and duty.† Kant did not think that any outcome was in the favor of general good. This paper will take up the concept of duty, which includes that of an individual’s good will. Good character trait like ingenuity, intelligence and courage are important in any morally upright person. However, these traits can lead someone to do the wrong thing and in so do ing become ‘evil’. He uses this to describe the good will of humankind. Kant thinks the only intrinsically good thing in a person is the good will. Good will is not only shown by appearance and actions but it is based on the outcomes of the actions. If the results are good, the will is also believed to be good. Intrinsic good refers to a concept that assumes that something’s good is found in itself. Duty on the other hand is the necessity to act out of reverence for the law and moral codes in a certain setting. It does not depend on results of a particular action and any principles. Laws teach us what we can or cannot do. We have to follow these principles, which guide our actions. The maxim should be consistent with laws. For instance, a person who talks on the phone during a movie, they have to keep their voices low. Such a person should consider whether the act is worth it or not. If the person foresees any bad consequences, it will be wiser to desist from the action. Mill’s illustrious formulation in philosophy is filled with religious intolerance. He appealed for freedom and his opinion is that if all human beings have the same opinions apart from one; only that the one person has a contrary view. The rest of the human beings with a similar view have no reason to forbid this person to speak just because they have differing opinions. There is no logical reason that warrants the prohibiting of the opposing party to air his or her views. Mill has a formulation called the â€Å"greatest happiness principle.† It helps people to do the right thing in appropriate proportions, as they strive to promote general happiness for all humankind. He clearly states that there is a difference between higher and lower forms of happiness. He defines the difference between higher and lower forms of happiness with the principle that those who have experienced both tend to prefer one to the other. Kant thought the fundamental principle of our moral duties is a categorical imperative. It commands us to exercise our wills in a particular way and to not do wrong since we posses rational wills. Both of Kant and Mill’s opinions are based on reputable principles. Kant was a philosopher and astronomer. He was also a founder of German classical philosophy and idealism. He is considered one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe. He depicts the moral obligation of philosophy. According to him, an act is right if and only if it is done because of an individual’s sense of duty. However, for Mill, an act is right if and only if it results in the happiness of humanity regardless of the duty of the person. Kant believes that what matters is that the will that was involved. Mill’s is an empiricist theory because he believes that the outcome and consequences of the action is what matters. Kant’s is a rationalist theory. He has good intentions though invalid because in reality, nowadays, the outcome is what matters as opposed to the reason the action took place. Mill rejects the Kantian tendency to separate morality and happiness. Happiness is morality that includes both physical and intellectual pleasure. Mill espouses the importance of cultivated minds for this reason; through education, humans can tap into the unlimited sources of intellectual stimulation that have been provided by civilization. I disagree with Mill as he thinks happiness arises from instrumental good. In my opinion, it occurs because of the intrinsic good. I believe our mental states determine whether we are happy or not. Mill fails to prove his greatest happiness principle through his varied arguments. I reject empiricism and accept rationalism instead. Although studying and experience can reveal useful information, knowledge can also be acquired from experience. People should accept Kant’s opinion of the difference between phenomenal and numeral reality. This is vital for one to understand his moral philosophy. Our will is in control but the outcome of our will is not. A good person is not someone who does ‘good’ but rather is one who wills to be good.

Conservatism (Politics) - Definition

Conservatism (Politics) - Definition Definition: Political conservatism in the United States is both an intellectual/theoretical tradition and a popular political movement.As an intellectual tradition, political conservatism does not necessarily focus on any particular political position or issue. In fact, most conservative traditionalists disagree with one another over a number of issues including (but not limited to) abortion, stem cell research, capital punishment, the environment and war. Nevertheless, these intellectual traditionalists tend to subscribe to the same conservative principles, those being primarily the importance of family, but also a small or limited government, a strong national defense and free enterprise.As a popular political movement, conservatism is more specific regarding a host of specific political issues that include (among other things) the pro-life movement, judicial restraint, welfare reform, immigration reform and the sanctity of marriage (specifically the opposition to gay marriage).Conservatism is also an umbrella term that embodies several different types of politically conservative philosophies. These are often primarily identified as neoconservatism, paleoconservatism and social conservatism, but they also include fiscal conservatism, cultural conseratism and crunchy conservatism. Pronunciation: kunservitizim Also Known As: moderation, orthodoxy, preservation, prudence, right-wing, reactionary, temperance, traditionalism, utilitarianism Alternate Spellings: conservativeness Examples: Former President Ronald Reagan: The basis of conservatism is a desire for less government interference or less centralized authority or more individual freedom, and this is a pretty general description also of what libertarianism is.†Author Craig Bruce: Liberalism is financed by the dividends from Conservatism.Actor Robert Redford: â€Å"Because, you know, youre in Utah. And because of its political conservatism, if you can make it there, you can make it anywhere.†

Zero 2016 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Zero 2016 - Assignment Example Real home gives person confidence in own power to have a better life (ProvidenceJournal). Also, this program helps people to understand that they are not left behind. 3. The campaign targets chronic and veteran homeless people who are promised to be given an affordable housing during next two years ( «Zero: 2016 »). Basically, the campaign helps senior people who need someones help to have a better life. The campaign is powered by public and private sponsors who invest in affordable housing, training and rehabilitation for the homeless. It creates an environment where people can learn how to live in a different way. 4. The theme of the campaign is the permanent struggle with homelessness in the USA. Initiators of the campaign believe that shared learning environment and active community involvement can end homelessness faster than other conventional methods used to take homeless people away from streets. This campaign follows another successful campaign against homelessness called 100,000 Homes.  «Community Solutions Announces Selection of 71 Communities to Participate in Zero: 2016 ». Community Solutions. November 4, 2014. Web. December 15, 2014. ProvidenceJournal.  «More than a place to sleep: In R.I., a housing first solution for chronic homelessness ». Youtube. June 25, 2014. Web. December 15, 2014. < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Bi5rzDs1zE&feature=youtu.be

The advantages and disadvantages of Tilling as a technique in plant Essay

The advantages and disadvantages of Tilling as a technique in plant breeding - Essay Example It is a technology that used in molecular biology to directly identify mutations in genes. These technologies have their advantages that make them suitable for adoption and use by human life as well as disadvantages that make them a hazard to human life. This paper, therefore, seeks to establish the advantages and disadvantages of TILLING in plant breeding. TILLING is a molecular biology procedure that uses chemicals and x-rays to bring about undirected point mutations in a plant genome. This is usually the first step in the process. The second step involves an analysis of DNA which aids in the selection of plants that have a mutation that contains the desired gene (Schmidt et al 2011). The method combines a standard and an equally effective technique of mutagenesis with the use of a chemical mutagen such as Ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) that contains a sensitive DNA screening method to which identifies point mutations in a target gene. This process of plant breeding may include mutation effects that may include gene deactivation and sub sequent reverse crossing with other varieties. This results with a plant that has the desirable mutation such as an amylase free potato. Some biotechnology critics such as Greenpeace have done ‘acceptance’ tests on TILLING method and have cited a large difference in genetic engineering. Some of the advantages of this biological process are; This means that the process can be applied on virtually every organism. This is because it entails modifying the molecular unit of heredity in a living organism. Therefore, plants can grow with a certain desired characteristic. This can be used to fight hunger by increasing food production. Another great advantage of TILLING in plant breeding is that the method its adaptability to high throughput genotyping. This is because it allows choosing appropriate technology for the intended goals and stage of an experiment. The method allows for the independence of the

Technological issue in homeland security Case Study

Technological issue in homeland security - Case Study Example According to Vacca (2007), the internet has led to vast transformations in the Homeland Security. For many years, the internet has been utilized to enhance communication between terrorists. The terrorists are also utilizing the internet as a recruiting tool, and support of terrorist organizations; it is through the internet that various terrorist organizations communicate and advise each other on the tactics to use in attacking their enemies. The internet has also enabled Homeland Security to get information in a cheap and easy manner; obtaining of information through the internet is easy since, at a single click, Homeland Security can have a lot of information. This has helped the Homeland Security to detect any threats to security and act promptly, thus eliminating issues of terrorism. Sharing of information from one individual to another over the globe has been necessitated through the use of the internet. Hence, the Homeland Security can access terrorism information over the globe through the use of the internet. This terrorist information is usually crucial in eliminating terrorist activities and improving security. On the side of Homeland security, the internet has been an excellent tool since it has assisted the department in identifying individuals who may be terrorists through the use of biometric technology (Alperen, 2011). According to biometric technology, every person possesses certain traits; behavioral and physical, which identify people in a unique manner. The internet has made the revelation of operations done by the Homeland Security officials feasible. Through internet hacking or cyber crimes, the terrorists can access crucial information from the Homeland security website. Because of this problem, the Homeland Security has increased cyber intelligence through seeking Information Technology professionals to assist in tracking of the terrorist activities on the

Role and importance of advertising

Role and importance of advertising Advertising is the most important weapon to market any product or service. To success an advertising campaign there should be creative minds to promote. Collecting and using information of customers as well as the competitors of your customer can create a huge advantage to take the competitive advantage. In this section we try to present, how effect for creative designing IS and through that we like to discuss what are the ting that world concern about advertising. In here we would like to introduce the way to success in creative designing using IS. The creative industries in which the product or service contains a substantial element of artistic or creative endeavour (Caves 2000) are industries that supply goods and services that we broadly associated with cultural, artistic, or simply entertainment value (Caves 2000). The media and advertising industries, in which creativity is seen as central are considered to be creative industries. At the same time, there has been petite IS research on creativity, in distinction to the sufficient literature on creativity in engineering, science, education, architecture, and psychology (Couger et al., 1993), and even less so in the organizational, managerial context. What is advertising? Advertising  is a type of  communication  designed to  convince  an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to buy or take several action upon goods, ideas, or services. It includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could do well to the consumer, to convince a target market to obtain or to consume that particular  brand. These messages are generally paid for by sponsors and viewed by the use of various media. Advertising can furthermore provide to communicate an idea to a huge amount of people in an endeavour to encourage them to capture a certain action. Advertising theory Hierarchy of effects model It explains the goals of an advertising promotion and for each individual advertisement. The model suggests that there are six steps a customer or a business shopper moves through when doing a purchase. The steps are: Awareness Knowledge Liking Preference Conviction The actual purchase Means-End Theory This tactic suggests that an advertisement must have a message or means that leads the customer to a desired end state. Leverage Points It is considered to move the customer as of understanding a products benefits to connecting those benefits with personal values. Verbal and Visual Images Current Trends The Marketing Mix The marketing mix has been the strategic concept to advertising. The marketing mix was proposed by Professor  E. Jerome McCarthy  in the 1960s. The marketing mix contains of four basic components called the four Ps Product is the first P representing the real product. Price represents the method of defining the rate of a product. Place represents the variables of receiving the product to the customer like supply channels, market exposure and movement organization. The final P stands for Promotion which is the procedure of reaching the target audience and convincing them to go out and purchase the product. Niche marketing Another important tendency concerning future of advertising is the rising reputation of the  niche market  using niche or targeted ads. Also carried nearly by the Internet and the concept of  The Long Tail, advertisers will have an increasing talent to grasp exact audiences. In the earlier, the most effective way to convey a message was to complete the biggest  mass market  audience conceivable. But, usage tracking, consumer profiles and the rising popularity of niche content carried nearby everything from  blogs  to social networking web sites, afford advertisers with audiences that are lesser but much well defined, leading to advertisements that are more significant to viewers and more effective for companies advertising products. Most successful method to advertise The informal availability of the Internet has engaged the advertising world by tempest with several enterprises taking to the online standard to promote their goods and services to the worldwide market. Though, the up-to-date research records are demonstrating that the most effective advertising intermediate remains to be the Print Media. One of the top media agencies in England feels that by advertising in newspapers and magazines you can expanse a more dedicated group of customers who likes to buy your goods online. According to the agency, online business is well for making purchases due to the luxury level it deals in that publics do not have to drive long distances to buy goods. On the source of fashions and readings, some of the top commercial organizations feel that once it approaches to advertising, newspapers and magazines evidence to be more successful. This is for the reason that customers put more reliance in newspapers and magazines while compared to online promoting. They think that this happen because people who publicise in newspapers seem like more honest because they pay for advertising for their assistances. Advertising online is free in some cases, and therefore the probabilities of frauds will be high. Several of the best advertisement companies in the world create colour advertising reachable and cost effective for small and medium level businesses to advertise in top newspapers in the UK. The pages of advertising agencies, which publish in the weekend extra newspapers, are particularly dedicated to small and medium level businesses to promote their goods and services. These pages are read by an extremely dedicated group of customers who are beholding for good online deals which they can buy easily from their households. According to certain advertising firms, an effective advertising plan combines the influence of both online and offline methods. They recommend that web based businesses have to advertise in the magazines and newspapers to success over consumers and afford for online buying procedures so that they can buy from their home at any time they like. Online businesses can combine the finest of both mechanisms, by succeeding this strategy Furthermore, instead of publishing a classified ad on any page of a newspaper, firms can publish advertisements in completely dedicated space for online companies to advertise their products or services. As an example, certain dedicated pages of the advertising firms are read by educated and rich groups of individuals who know that this area is dedicated for online advertising offerings. Business firms can contact the agents of reputed advertising agencies who can support to choose the exact newspapers or magazines to publish advertisements, based on target audience. The Advertising agents make their approvals based on publication, demographics, location, etc. so that will increase the chance of success the target audience. By surfing a website that well know offline advertising firms, businesses can gain an awareness into the happiness level of online businesses who have published on the firms pages and observed a growth in circulation. By advertising in printed media and especially on the firms page, can also reach people who dont have technical knowledge enough to browse the Internet and looking for goods and services. These societies basically have to read advertisements on the dedicated agency pages, take the URL and log on to particular business website to create purchases. These can be taken as reasons that the modern tendencies in advertising use the printed media to drive online traffic where people can create purchases expediently without traveling big distances. Creative advertising benefits with IS, Case study Case Study,  26.02.08 INTRODUCTION Innovative use of Windows Live Spaces, together with creative advertising and a dedicated pet health microsite, helped to build a community of animal lovers around Nestlà ©s Purina ONE pet food brand. Advertising online with MSN raised message awareness by over eight percentage points, with purchase consideration rated as excellent. CAMPAIGN OBJECTIVES Reach a target audience of women aged 35 and over Raise awareness of the Purina ONE brand Increase perception of Purina ONE as a high-quality pet food Drive brand association with health and nutrition Recruit long-term buyers through a one-month trial challenge. CREATIVE EXECUTION A combination of the MSN Lifestyle channel, Windows Live Hotmail, Windows Live Messenger and Windows Live Spaces allowed Nestlà © to reach 1.2 million pet-owners with creative advertising directing them to a campaign microsite. For the site itself, MSN advertising created content focused around pet health and nutrition, with features such as Ask the Expert and Pet Guides. Innovative use of Windows Live Spaces allowed owners to keep diaries of their pets progress through the one-month trial challenge. RESULTS Advertising online with MSN generated 14,995 clicks to the Purina ONE microsite, with Dynamic Logics Advertising Effectiveness Report measuring major uplifts against the key campaign objectives: Brand awareness up 6.7 percentage points Online ad awareness up 7.1 percentage points Message association up 8.9 percentage points Purchase intent up 6 percentage points, greatly exceeding the pet food market average and earning a ranking of excellent.

Book Jackets :: Essays Papers

Book Jackets Book jacket, book cover, dust jacket, dust cover. They are all words that describe one pretty innocuous thing: the thing that covers the hard cardboard cover of a book. The book jacket was developed for practical purposes only: to protect books from dust, insects and other harmful entities. However, as years progressed, the book jacket has become a separate part of the book itself and the reading experience. The book jacket has morphed into not only an addendum used to help sell the book, but also into a piece of art in and of itself. Classic books such as Ralph Ellison's The Invisible Man , Joseph Heller's Catch-22 and newer titles such as Michael Crichton's Jurassic Park and Chuck Palahniuk's Lullaby . There's even a celebrity book jacket designer in our midst; it's hard to miss Chip Kidd and his eclectic and eye catching designs gracing the shelves of bookstores and libraries across the country and the world. The book jacket has come a long way since its early inception as a protector of books; it has become the first step in the reading experience. Although book covers have been decorated for many years, it wasn't until the 1800s that book jackets came into existence. â€Å"Book jackets first appeared in England in the nineteenth century, in a culture that was still discovering the rules of consumerism. Their early evolution came about in fits and starts, constrained by cultural inhibitions that are now difficult to understand. When decoration was present on the outside of the book, it took the form of either blocking onto binding cloth, or pasting printed paper sheets onto the front and back boards† (Powers 6). Up until the advent of book jackets at this time, the decorated covers of books were quite popular and even produced celebrities of book cover design. Aubrey Beardsley and Sarah Wyman Whitman were popular book cover designers of the 1800s. Pasted paper designs started appearing on books as early as the 1830s which soon gave way to two colored textured designs and gold stamping in the 1840s and 1850s. As the years progressed, the use of text and colored ink was simplified and became commonplace on book covers around the world. â€Å"The transformation of book design owed much to the Arts and Crafts movement, which revered the book as an object both functional and aesthetic, a part of everyday life yet worthy of care and adornment.

The Superstitious Life

Superstitions are Bored Superstitions are like a bad lie depends on you if you believe in it, superstitions depends on â€Å"good look† that is a different and more joyful word to say destiny, the begging of superstitions are more like the cause of the problems and the consequences aren’t â€Å"bad luck† the real consequences are â€Å"you brake it you pay it†. The consequences are the same in the superstitions and in the â€Å"real life† because if you pass under a ladder something can fall in your head and I think that could the â€Å"bad luck† for passing under a ladder.The â€Å"good luck† consequences, are also completely false because one time I hit my elbow, my mom told me don’t rub yourself and you will get good luck, I follow the advice of my mother and nothing happened, so is kind of fool to believe in superstitions. For many people the superstitions are like part of their life and let’s be intelligent you donâ €™t depend on your â€Å"luck†, life depends on your attitude. Also the â€Å"superstitions â€Å"are different around the world because in some place the action you make here means something and maybe in china means another.Traditions are also like â€Å"superstitions† because you decide the way things’ sense let’s say an example in some parts of the world if you burp at the table you don’t have education, but in India if you don’t burp means that you didn’t like the food, so is completely contradictory. But this is my personal opinion and you don’t have to follow my thoughts, everyone can have different ideas and believe whatever you want. Be yourself and have a pleasant and good life. By Ricardo Linares Hernandez 3rd A

Useful Recommendations on Writing a Mathematics Term Paper

Useful Recommendations on Writing a Mathematics Term Paper Mathematics term papers differ from those that are concerned with a range of humanitarian sciences. Even though the standard structure of the academic papers that consists of the introduction, body, and conclusion elements is followed, there are still many nuances that should be considered while writing such a type of paper. At the same time, one should keep in mind that it is not only about explaining the concepts or theories in practice. The mathematics term paper can also be concerned with some easier topics, for instance, â€Å"The Contribution of Rene Descartes in Mathematics.† Importantly, all the mathematics term papers turn around the idea of logical narration, usage of specific language, regimented notation, and also mathematical symbols. In this mathematics term paper writing guide, you’ll find all the necessary information on how to write a term paper in Mathematics so that it will have success for you a researcher and the field in the whole. Move closer to successful mathematics term paper writing. Why Is It Important to Write a Mathematics Term Paper? Mathematics is one of the STEM disciplines, and it is possible to assume that the writing activity is not that important for those who deal with this subject. Nevertheless, the writing part is extremely helpful as it depicts how to express the ideas, state and prove the arguments, enhance own knowledge of maths. What is more, the process of term paper writing helps students to improve their knowledge as during the work there would be a need to do research, refresh some already-gained knowledge, and refer to the new sources. In case if the concepts used in writing were not explored before, the writing process would help retain these concepts that would be later learned in the math class. As it has already been mentioned, writing in Mathematics is not the same as writing papers on other subjects. In this case, one would need to show how well he or she understands a number of mathematical concepts, rules, and ideas. In such a way, a proper mathematical term paper would include the calculations with the appropriate and clear explanation. Otherwise, the writing would not make sense. The Choice of a Good Topic for Your Mathematics Term Paper Choosing the topic is one of the important stages in writing the paper. A writer who knows the topic also knows the directionÃ'Ž It means that it is easier to create the outline, structure the paper, search for some sources. At the same time, there are not so many topics to choose from due to the specifics of the subject. The students can be asked to do some research on the life and achievements of some renowned mathematicians, or some calculations followed by a detailed explanation, etc. Oftentimes, professors suggest a list of the themes so that students have nothing but choose the one that seems to be the most interesting or challenging for them. In case, if the professor lets students feel free in terms of the themes, it can be hard for someone to come up with a good topic. So, that person can simply go to the corresponding site and pick whatever topic one wants. Thus, some of the themes for the mathematics paper are as follows: The List of Topics in the History of Mathematics: The History of Zero Number; The Meaning of an Infinity Concept; Numbers in the Ancient Mythology; Differences in the Translations of Euclid; Math in the Military Sphere; Descartes Effect on the World of Mathematics. The List of Topics in Real-World Math: Math and Baseball; The Golden Ratio and Ideal Beauty; Irrational Numbers; Math and the Digital Camera; Boolean Searches and the Math of Googling. The List of Topics in Geometry: The Foundations of M.C. Escher Art; Logistics and Geometry; Crop Circles; Einstein and the Snowflake Game; How Geometry Changed the World. The same way as the term paper itself, the themes are to be clear and concise covering the main idea of the entire writing. How to Organize Mathematics Term Paper Writing in Math and Why It Matters? â€Å"Organization comes first† is the rule that a person should memorize for the rest of the studies and even lifetime. The given statement works in different environments and situations. Term paper writing is no exception! It is worthy to mention that the right organization, as well as arrangement, would help both the writer and the reader. Whether it is a professor or some other students, one has to be sure that everything that is written in the paper would be understood by others. Most likely, one has some books, maybe, scientific journals that would be helpful for the homework. Thus, one should lay all the available printed sources aside so that there was no turmoil when one of the sources is needed. Besides, one should think about the workplace. The environment and the atmosphere are to be considered as a researcher should feel comfortable while writing. What is more, there should be no distracting things, as well as noises. As a result of the right atmosphere during the process of writing, there would be a good, coherent, and comprehensible paper. The Importance of Outline Writing for Your Math Term Paper In such a way, as soon as the topic is chosen, it is high time to make an outline. Many students tend to consider it is a waste of time. However, the correctly-created outline becomes the base that guides the writer throughout the writing process. One can also say that a plan is the same thing as an outline. Before starting to write the draft version of the text, one should write down some key points that are needed to support the thesis statement. After the main ideas are noted, it is time to arrange them so that they are logically followed one by one making sense in the context of the entire paper. Thus, the outline helps one to see the points that would be later generated into the paragraphs. The Structure of the Term Paper in Mathematics The term paper, normally, consists of the abstract, introduction, body paragraph, and the conclusion. Both the introduction and conclusion take 20% of the paper: 10% for the introduction, and 10% for the conclusion accordingly. One should be equally attentive while working on the parts of the work. The introduction must be compact, include an effective thesis statement that is the last sentence. A well-written thesis statement would not be too general and would cover the main point of the entire writing. As for the conclusion, it restates the thesis and also mentions what things have been learned by the student. The body part is the most important one as it shapes the major work that is done by the students with all the arguments, key points, and proofs. The structure of the body paragraphs in math term paper is the same as in any other discipline. Thus, there should be a topic sentence followed by the explanation, supporting points, evidence, and examples if needed. Importantly, every paragraph should have at least one citation so that it is understood where the specific information comes from. In the body paragraphs, the students should demonstrate their ability to logically explain the idea noted in the topic sentence. The outside sources are needed to underpin the suggestion of the writer. The evidence can be represented by published trustworthy opinions, case studies, researches taken from books, scientific journals, or appropriate website, and also facts. Finally, all the paragraphs are interconnected and help to revolve the main idea of the paper. Thus, there cannot be a paragraph tha t is isolated from all the rest of the body parts. Transitions are crucial if the student wants to write a term paper that sounds good. With the help of the transitions that are included in the last sentence, the writer approaches the reader to the next paragraph. Therefore, transitions create the connection between all the parts of the paper’s body. Even though the abstract is the first part of the essay that comes right after the title page, it is better to write it after the term paper is completed, rearranged if needed, and revised. In addition to this, while rereading the entire work, one should find the three most important elements in the paper that are concerned with the thesis statement. Besides, students should be aware of the research question of the paper, the scope of the work, the conclusion, recommendations, and implications if these are noted in the paper. Below, one can see 5 tips for writing an excellent abstract. The Sources on the Page of Your Math Term Paper Writing As for the sources, there is one important thing to keep in mind: all the sources are to be credible in your term paper. In cases when a student is not sure whether the source is a good one, it is better to consult a professor. If the topic requires some considerable research work, the workbooks would not be enough. Therefore, one would have to surf the Internet for some time. While searching for some information on the web, one should be attentive and check whether it is a governmental, educational, or devoted to mathematical themes website. Here are some websites that can be helpful while writing the term paper in Mathematics: https://www.wolframalpha.com/examples/mathematics/ http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ https://www.geogebra.org/ sagemath.org/ http://maxima.sourceforge.net/ Later on, there would be a need to create a Page. To create a correct list of the used sources, one should take a look at the samples that can be found on the Purdue Owl website. Importantly, all the sources used in work are to be included in the page, as well as every author noted in the list of the sources, must be cited in the text. An Important Reminder for You A deliberate term paper is a smooth text that suggests some bulk of information in a logical form. It is critical that the writing does not include any repetitions. It is not a simple rule that is based on the professor’s desire to avoid the empty talk. One should obviate repetitions to create a readable and engaging text. As soon as some repeating ideas are found in work, an interested person can stop reading it. In addition to this, it is impossible to miss out that there are sometimes really complicated topics and a student could not be confident whether the calculations are correct. In such cases, it is better to consult someone to find out if everything is correct in the calculations. Consulting someone is not cheating as it also presupposes that the writer is also discussing the issue together with the mentor. What is more, if the calculations are important for the rest of the paper parts, it is better to find the problem at the start, than rewrite the entire paper later . Top Academic Writers Advise: Post-Writing Tips Essential for Your Mathematics Term Paper As the work is, finally, completed, one should not relax while there comes an equally important part of the writing process. Specifically, the reviewing part. It is advised that writer takes a break and only then checks the written work, however, considering the fact that it is the work in mathematics, it would better to review the writing the next day after it is completed. By doing this, the chances that the review is effective are higher. A standard review presupposes many aspects, including proofreading, paraphrasing, and rearrangement. When the students write a massive work, they are likely to make some mistakes in terms of grammar, calculations, or structure. Therefore, reviewing the term paper, one would be able to fix the mistakes so that the entire paper is readable. What is more, the structure of the completed paper can differ from the version that was outlined in the plan. It is a normal thing, and a student should simply rearrange the paper in the most appropriate way even if its structure considerably differs from the original variant of the writing. Paraphrasing also helps one omit the awkward parts of the paper. Now that you read this maths term paper writing guide, you’re ready to work on your term paper in Mathematics. Moreover, the chances to get high results in term paper writing are higher than they would be without reading this useful information. Believe in your power and create a powerful mathematics term paper!

Historical Context in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn essays

Historical Context in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn essays While great literature is timeless, it is important to examine the historical context of literature to gain a greater understanding of people, places, and events. This insight allows us to see not only the characters clearly but it also brings us closer to understanding why people behave the way they do. When authors capture elements of history and place them into their works, we feel as if we are somehow closer to experiencing that history as reality. In mark Twains novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, we have a novel that demonstrates how historical context explains characters and events with clarity. In his novel, Twain demonstrates how issues such as slavery and folklore affect individuals in almost every way. In fact, historical events and societal traditions shape the characters we encounter in this novel. The Civil War, Reconstruction, and a country torn between right and wrong make The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn a masterpiece for capturing a slice of American l ife complete with its imperfections. The novel, in its apparent simplicity, peaks volumes about southern society. Justin Kaplan notes that Mark Twain wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as a man desperately needing to resolve his own bewilderment about conscience and the restraints and freedoms of the community (Kaplan 227). Kaplan also quotes Twain as saying, The consciencethat unerring monitorcan be trained to approve any wild thing you want it to approve if you begin its education early and stick with it (Twain qtd. in Kaplan 228). Kaplan observes that the conscience may not necessarily be the voice of God but only the voice of the people (Kaplan 228). The understanding is that if man can reject the voice of the people, freedom from the tyranny of conscience (228) could be discovered. Through the very historical adventures of Huck and Jim, we see an awakening take place in one of the m...

Summary Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary - Term Paper Example Bartlett, in the article, addresses the issue of the serious rift evident in ethical view of in theoretical terms and manner in which employees follow the theories in real management situations while applying ethics. Ethical theory has its base upon moral theory used to define it. According to Bartlett, decision makers tend to embrace business ethics based on motivational elements. This suggests that level to which ethic receives recognition depends on the motivational elements outlined in the expectancy theory. Several business ethics researchers show failure while formulating and defining their research agenda. In defining their agenda for research, misconception occurs when business ethics researchers do not adequately relate personal values to the course of moral reasoning. By that, business ethics researchers fail to recognize and integrate the role of cognitive process in moral reasoning, which is essential in ensuring business ethics at the workplace. The researchers, therefore, alienate the role of reasoning which is intermediary. Bartlett gives proposals that would help ensure a harmony between the theoretical and practical views of business ethics. These aims at addressing the theory-practice rift existing in the management of business ethics. Bartlett notes that, despite the study of business ethics in philosophies and psychology that promotes morality, business ethics application in real situations remains a challenging issues to many people. The approaches used in the learning of seem to fail in their application, in real life scenarios. Suggestions that bring out the possibility of achieving a narrowing down of the gap would see compatibility of the two concepts. Appreciation of the variability between real life situations in management and theory by researchers is fundamental. Recognition of the complexity is of immense importance. This would enable business ethics researchers come up with frameworks of

Electronic use in everyday life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electronic use in everyday life - Essay Example These opponents argue that technology is making things difficult for mankind and these problems would be felt in the latter years of life. On the other hand the proponents of technology argue that it is a blessing for the whole mankind as it is making things a lot easier for people. The question then remains â€Å"Is technology really affecting us adversely or not?† This essay would further address this question by revolving around the negative influence of technology on our daily lives. The introduction of internet and computers in our life has turned out to be joyful for many as individuals enjoy surfing and chatting on the internet. Internet not only helps one to surf and chat but also helps to find out useful information about different topics. But the opponents argue that internet has turned out to be a disaster for many. Experts on technology believe that excess usage of computers and internet makes one impulsive and forgetful in his daily life. Excessive usage of internet has been termed to be fall under the category of addiction. Different types of self assessment tests have been designed to check if one falls under the category of internet addiction or not. A study done by the researchers in the University of Melbourne showed that around 10% of the students were suffering from the problem of internet addiction and this clearly shows that people are wasting their time on the internet rather than doing something useful. Some term this addiction as internet de pendence but this also has its negative effects as it is causing people to be distracted from their real life relationships. In other words internet is causing people to be distracted from education and family both at the same time. Cell phones also fall in the category of the internet as they seem to be causing dependence amongst the people too (Parker 2010). The introduction of nuclear power and nuclear weapons has also turned different aspects of the

Science and Technology - Laboratory Course (SCI103-1404A-04) Lab Report

Science and Technology - Laboratory Course (SCI103-1404A-04) - Lab Report Example d 3 appear to be more acidic due to the fact that they are located on the downwind direction from the lake described as 1 which is surrounded by an industrial and settlement area. Carbon (iv) oxide and sulphur (iv) oxide are emissions associated with industrialization and are carried downwind by the wind and fall end up falling as acid rain. Lake 2 is found to suffer most from acidity as it is said to have a higher elevation as compared to Lake 3. Acidity falls in the form of either snow, rain or fog. The pH scale usually has a range running from 0-14. A pH value that is equal to 7 is said to be neutral. A pH value that is less than 7 is said to be acidic in nature and a pH that is greater than 7 is said to be basic. The PH scale is normally used to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions that is present in a solution. A low pH usually represents solutions that have a high concentration of hydrogen ion while high PH usually represents solutions with low concentration of hydrogen ions. Acids on a PH scale are substances that when added to water increases the concentration of hydrogen ions thus lowering the PH. A base on the other hand usually lowers the concentration of hydrogen ions thus raising the PH. There are other substances called buffers that enable solutions to resist changes in

Organizational Forms Essay Example for Free

Organizational Forms Essay There are several types of organizational forms that a business can choose from. Each form presents pros and cons that may or may not be suitable for a particular business. This report will review characteristics such as: liability, income taxes, longevity or continuity, control, profit retention, location, convenience and burden for each business form and how they differentiate from the different types of organization forms. Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship is the most common business form. A business is a sole proprietorship if it is not incorporated, meaning that a separate legal entity is not created for it. An advantage of forming a sole proprietorship is that it is the easiest and least expensive business form. a.Liability: A sole proprietorship does not excuse the owner from personal liability. If the business fails, the owner is responsible to the creditors and may lose personal assets. b.Income Taxes: The profits and losses of the business go through the owners’ personal tax return. This can positively or negatively affect the owner depending on what the profit and losses of the business are and what other sources of income the owner may have. c.Longevity or continuity: If the owner dies the company cannot continue on. If the owner decides to leave the company, then the company will also cease to exist. d.Control: In a sole proprietorship the owner has full control of the business. e.Profit retention: The owner receives all profits in a sole proprietorship. f.Location: When a business is a sole proprietorship the owner can move the business to any location. The only fee may be if changing states or county and the business is operating under a trade name, then the owner will have to pay the relatively small fee to operate as a DBA (â€Å"Doing Business As†). g.Convenience or burden: There are not any extra burdens when operating as a sole proprietorship. The owner does not have to meet any special reporting or regulatory requirements. There are not any special tax requirements or restrictions. The business profit and losses are filed with the owner’s regular tax return. General partnership A general partnership is between two or more owners of a business that is not incorporated. a.Liability: Each partner is held personally liable for the debts of the business regard less of fault. b.Income Taxes: Taxes are reported on each partner’s personal income tax return, so any profits made by the company are treated separately from the individuals’ income, but included. c.Longevity or continuity of the organization: A general partnership lacks continuity. If a partner leaves and his or her shares cannot be bought by the remaining partner, then the business must close. If a partner dies, their heir can be paid for the value of their share of partnership, but cannot continue with business. d.Control: In a partnership control is equal between all the partners. This can be difficult when a company has many partners or partners that don’t know each other. If a change is made without consulting with the other partners that can cause friction between the partners, so it may be best to include all partners in all decisions. e.Profit Retention: Profit is distributed equally between all partners and so is any loss. f.Location: A general partnership is fairly easy to setup and move. There are not any special forms that need to be filed with the state or county to form a general partnership. There only has to be at least two people to make up the partnership. g.Convenience or burden: Since there are not any special filings that need to be done for a general partnership, it is very convenient. Limited Partnership A limited partnership is partnership that does not hold the partners personally liable for the business debts. a.Liability: Limited partners are not held personally liable for the business debts. b.Income Taxes: All profits and losses are passed through each partners’ individual income tax return. The company does not pay taxes. c.Longevity or Continuity: Limited partners can freely enter and leave the company. The company can continue if a limited partner leaves. d.Control: In a limited partnership there are limited partners and general partners. The general partners manage the partnership. e.Profit Retention: Profits are distributed to the partners based on their contribution and pass through to the partners, who in turn report the profits on their individual tax return and pay taxes at their individual rate. f.Location: When a LLP is formed or if it moves, then it must comply with state filing requirements. A LLP must file a Certificate of Limited Partnership with the appropriate state agency. g.Convenience or burden: A LLP can be convenient because it attract capital easily, it offers limited liability to partners, easy transferability of partnership, and pass-through taxation. C-corporation A C- corporation or a â€Å"privately held corporation† is a company whose stock is not publicly traded. a.Liability: A business owner is not personally liable for the company debts and is protected from lawsuits and judgments against the business. b.Income Taxes: C-corporations are double taxed. The IRS taxes the company profits and tax any dividends paid to shareholders. c.Longevity or Continuity: Even if the owner leaves or dies, the C-corporation being a separate entity can continue to go on. d.Control: Management is shared between the shareholders. e.Profit Retention: Profits are usually kept within the company and not distributed to shareholders. f.Location: A C-corporation must follow state filing requirements in each state that it wishes to setup in. This can be very costly. g.Convenience or burden: An advantage of a C-Corporation is that it provides the best protection for the owner against the company debts. A disadvantage is that it can be costly to establish. S-corporation S-corporations are a separate entity from the owner. It offers the owner limited liability, but the tax structure benefit of a partnership. a.Liability: The owner an S-corporation is not held personally liable for any debts or judgments incurred by the company. b.Income Taxes: In an S-corporation, the profits and losses of the company are passed through to the owners and shareholders and reported on their personal income tax returns and taxed at their individual rates. The company itself is not taxed. c.Longevity or continuity: Like a C-corporation an S-corporation can continue on, if the owner leaves or dies. d.Control: A board of directors manages the company through officers. e.Profit Retention: Generally in an S-corporation the profits are passed on to the shareholders. f.Location: An S-corporation must follow state filing requirements in any state that it wishes to setup in. g.Convenience or burden: An S-corporation can be convenient, because it provides the owner and shareholders protection from company debt and they save on paying taxes on profit, but it can be costly in setting up. Limited Liability Company A Limited Liability Company is similar to an S-corporation in that it offers the limited liability of a corporation, but the tax structure benefit of a partnership. a.Liability: Owners and shareholders are protected from personal liability for the business debts and judgments. b.Income Taxes: Profits and losses are passed through to the shareholders and filed on their individual income tax returns. c.Longevity and continuity: An LLC can continue if a member leaves, but the LLC must pay the member the value of their interest. d.Control: An LLC is managed by its’ members. e.Profit Retention: Profits are passed on to the members. f.Location: A LLC must follow state filing requirements for any state it wishes to setup in. g.Convenience or burden: LLC offer a very flexible structure. It also has no limitations on the number and kind of owners. It can be very expensive to form and because it is so new, it can be more complex. Bibliography Book: Beatty, J. Samuelson, S. (2007). Business Law and the Legal Environment: Standard Edition, 4e. Mason, OH: Rob Dewey Web site: Perez, W. (2009). Protect Your Business Profits by Incorporating. About.com. Retrieved March 20, 2009, from http://taxes.about.com/od/taxplanning/a/incorporating.htm Corey Pierce, J. (2002-2004). Business Startup: Where to Begin How to Grow. Businessfinance.com. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from http://www.businessfinance.com/books/StartABusiness/StartABusinessWorkbookTOC.htm PART B interoffice memorandum to:Owner subject: Business organization date:8/10/2013 There are many different types of business forms. After reviewing them all, I have come to the conclusion that an S corporation will be the most beneficial to you company. An S-corporation is a separate legal entity and protects the owner and shareholders from personal liability and offers benefits with its tax structure. This memo will address issues that are important to you and the advantages provided to you by forming an S-corporation. You expressed concern regarding your personal liability and whether or not if the company was to be sued- you did not want to possibly lose all of your personal assets. With an S-corporation you are protected from losing your personal assets if a company is sued for negligence by an employee or subcontractor. If the company were to default on debts, your personal assets are protected from creditors. Funding will also be fairly easy to obtain with an S-corporation. With an S-corporation, you will be able to sell stock in the company to increase capital assets to help with you expanding. You will be able to sell as much or as little of your companies’ stock as you wish, once a stock value is determined. An advantage to selling you company’s stock beside the increase in capital is that you are also able to retain control of the company when issuing stock. The profit that your company earns will be distributed to the shareholders, but with an S-corporation, shareholders are only allocated the profit and losses equal to the amount of their investment. The profits and losses are passed through to each shareholder and filed on their individual income tax returns. The company itself is not taxed. Also, with an S-corporation, if you were to pass away, the company would have continuity. The company would not have to dissolve and you. The stock that you own in the company can be transferred to an heir or transferred by the sale of all or a portion of the stock. Based on these findings, I recommend you to form an S-corporation for your company.

Images of Women in European Art

Images of Women in European Art John Berger is a critic of art, a novelist and a writer. He is also a painter. Berger is known for his book, The G which has won may awards. Berger is also known for his feature an art stick on Ways of seeing. He was born in England in 1926. He attended schools in England and then joined the army. His critic tradition stemmed while teaching drawing in London schools. After dropping from the army he avoided criticizing the Soviet Union but eventually his views of the same union became more acute. It is also beneficial to know that, in 1962, Berger drove himself out of Britain to a self imposed exile. The reason he exiled himself from Britain was because he had considered days in this country distasteful. The article Images of women in European Art is part of Bergers book Ways of Seeing. In this book, Berger has made the reader see art in a different dimension. He argues that the view of the world is not similar with the way it actually is. He uses pictures and not words in first chapters to try to make readers see themselves in a different dimension. An image of Women in European Art has different fallacies that portray the way he sees women in society. He argues in this article that women are sensuous objects that are there to arouse the male audience. He argues that there is a variance in being naked and being nude. Being naked is to be oneself but being nude is to be seen naked by other people. Berger asserts that women are inactive objects that are always available. The article is, therefore, criticized in several ways because of its portrayal of women in the European art. In this article, John Berger reconstructs the way of seeing and attends to perspective and conventions for visual dialogue based on the peoples collective and personal belief constructs. He analyzes the origin of art and the way in which people look at art which he specifies are affected by a chain of learnt assumptions about truth, genius and civilization form. He deals with geometric perspective; the setting of a vanishing point in paintings and the way in which man was induced to believe, he was the center of the uniqueness in the world as the spectator. His discussion of perspective and mans position, as a sole viewer with universal seeing power, informs his discussion of the inherent gender divisions initiated in early works of art. Not only was the viewers perspective god-like and all knowing, but it was overwhelmingly male. More specifically he demonstrates this point i n reference to European art. In the form, of European art, the spectator-owners and painters were always men and these men always saw women as objects. This unequal relationship is so deeply rooted in culture that it still shapes the consciousness of many women. Women in the society always see themselves in the manner in which men see them. They also treat themselves the way men treat them. They explore their own femininity. This is the chief legacy that he points out in this article. It also shapes the way in which the artists view women. Berger was a painter and, therefore, most of his opinions stemmed from his paintings. He clearly distinguished himself as a painter. The paintings of nude women hanged on museum walls were considered as some form of immoral act. They were seen as images of sex. They were considered as images that were there to be used and violated. The male nude forms of male paintings in museums had a different perspective according to Berger. He argued that in the past nude male paintings were seen as a way in which the imitated Christians messiah. They were seen as striving to be like Jesus. In todays paintings, male nudity is seen as not a way of immoral act but as a form of strength. They are considered to be exuding some form of virility. In these present days women, pictures that are nude are seen as a phonographic. These present opinions stem from the past portrayal of women. The question is, is there a difference in a nude man and a nude woman. They are both nude. Why is the woman portrayed in a negative form then? From the deep discussions of the past to the analysis of the present in the use of publicity images, Bergers ideas about the social and beauty assumptions that inform the way we see are fundamental to understanding the image saturated environment and media consumed lifestyle. From art history, and the basics about the changing nature of perspective to spectator viewing and notions of intimacy revealed in European nudes and modern publicity images, promoting lifestyle and brand identities, Ways of Seeing is complete in its dissection of the complexities of the visual culture and comprehensive in its exploration of our reality. Berger has played a role in modern female thinking by exploring how women are portrayed in classical painting and advertising. He takes on the subject so straightforwardly, taking into question the entirety of the womens classical images. Bergers conclusion and that of his interviewees are that the nude womens paintings hanging in the best European museums is nothing more than pornography. The women in those paintings are nothing but objects that can be consumed or violated. He so forcefully speaks against this part of the western canon. However, Berger is not without faults. His appeal of oil paintings portrays them as the highest of visual forms. This may not be the case. In history, photography is somewhat fuzzy, but according to Berger, photography, as a work of art, was finding its way into the finest galleries and museums in the world. Photography is now in the same class with other visual forms of art as almost equal. Bergers reliance on his own arguments and opinions, too, br ings problems. In almost half of his arguments, he has not had a single female critic discussing the subject. Berger proficiently weaves the visual with discussions on the subject of the visual in clear-cut and jargon less language. He clearly presents his views making cautious observations about the visual without looking into art school discussion-style solipsism, ambiguity, tautology, or prevarication. Berger also argues that judging women as beautiful is a way of an artists perspective. In Paris, a woman is judged by how beautiful she looks. Men are the ones who view and judge women as whether they are beautiful or not. This has been incorporated with judgment. A present is awarded to a woman who is tremendously beautiful. This judgment has given birth to what is normally considered like a beauty contest. Those women who are considered to be beautiful, gets the price, and those who are not, do not get any reward. This is how men have set standards for women to use in judging themselves. Does this mean that only women who are considered beautiful by men always win? Is it possible that there are other ways of judging women? Why is it that men are never evaluated in terms of their beauty? Women can also be evaluated a variety of other abilities and not how beautiful they are. There are women writers, painters who have excelled in this field and have won themselves prices (Berger, 197 2). The prizes to be won in beauty contests are owned by the judge. These judges are, in most cases, men. This means that women are available to them. It is also to say that these nude pictures have been placed to satisfy male urge and their desire to possess. Berger argues that, most of the nude paintings in museums have been hung to satisfy the sexuality of a man looking at the picture. Does it mean, then, that nude paintings are hung to satisfy the male sexuality only? Berger also argues that the womans sexuality should be minimized so that the male audience has control of passion being exuded. He further says that women are there to fuel and feed the males appetite. Who will feed the womans appetite if it is only the males that has to be fed? It is hypocrisy that men paint nude pictures of women because they enjoy looking at them and then shove picture to the woman to look at her shame. This is condemning the woman whose picture he had painted to amuse himself. While men look at women, women also look at themselves the way men are looking at them thus making a double audience for themselves. They, therefore, look at themselves as intensely conscious of how they are presented and how they look in the male eyes. He says that a woman who looks at herself is considered as a narcissist while a man who looks at whatever he likes is considered an art connoisseur. Berger argues that only a person can turn someone into being nude. This is taken a step further when Berger points out that the fan owner of a painting becomes the spectator owner of a representation of a woman; therefore, the spectator is depicted as the male and the nude image as the woman who is intended to flatter the man. Male spectators are applied in two ways in the following example that represents a picture: the exchange between Gerty and Bloom and the mention in the painting which was painted in the twentieth century. In Making a spectacle of Herself, Gerty MacDowell in the painting, Katherine Mullin Joyces; suggestive and arousal Gerty are compared to modest and sexually pure Flint of Cummins. She is seen like she is conscious of her beauty and her power to provoke the mans attention, but, Flint is totally unconscious of her beauty. This device is used most of the times to pass on a message to young ones. The prude and modest Flint serves as the role model for youthful Irish women. Mullin states that her reward for her diffidence is her u ltimate marriage to her childhood darling. On the other hand, the sexually open and provoking Gerty is left at the end not married. Why is it, then, that men paint pictures of nude women and later on condemns them? In this example, a naked woman was not married later. It is true even to date that those women who are portrayed as naked in the websites or televisions are rarely married. This is because men believe that they have exposed their nudity in a truly sinful way. Why then did they paint these pictures if they were not destroying the moral reputation of women? Bergers discussions of nakedness are taken further when he asserts that, in western Christian art, nakedness of male is a symbol of a struggle to be more like Christ, while that of female symbolizes lust and sin. The male nudity is, therefore, closer to perfection than that of female. The discussions by Miles, about Adam and Eve, are based on this argument, emphasizing that Eves believed guilt in the fall of man and her creation from the body of Adam have been conventionally treated as the reasons of Eves weakness to Adam. If Eve is a representation of every woman, her imperfections speak to the common limitation of women and their shared sinfulness. Based on Bergers Miles views, the treatment of all women by Christianity as potential witches and the credence of their expected vulnerability to evil are seen as unfairness paid to the depiction of women. There is, therefore, a great reason for the need of a new form of feminist art. Representation of women according to Berger has fallen victim to two systems a) The use of their bodies to provoke the male gaze and the ultimate objectification of women b) The aversive and negative treatment in western Christianity. The two systems are crucial factors that have contributed to the agenda approach used in art, literature, and on screens major types used in gender depiction, which was created by men for themselves. When these are examined, the hidden agenda in representation is exposed, and it sparks one of the most castigatory actions to sexual category politics: women discontinue watching the men in suits and embark on their own representation. In the Judgment of Paris, a story presumably originated by men, starts by displaying the, vanity of female: a dispute of three goddesses over their individual beauty triggers the meeting with Paris, the inducement and the consequences. Then their characters are with vindictiveness and conceit fleshed out, so there is no way that a safe decision can be made by Paris, let alone one that is just. The goddesses are blamed for all of it. Yet this story gives possibilities for the artist (who is not apprehensive with blame) to scrutinize the relationships between power and sexuality. Supposedly, as Berger suggests, Paris and other male viewers have the authority of judgment over the female beauty, but inside the world of the story, the real authority is with the goddesses. In the after effects the argument at Troy was about goddesses who were always responsible for the defeats and victories of men, by their unswerving divine intervention. The goddesss divinity has been artistically represented in various ways. Cranach decided to make their figures bright, but also weak and wife like. They are then infused with vigor by Reuben, but they are on display clearly, for us, as well as for Paris. The figures for Raphael are extremely powerful. They are nude; a world that is naked and filled with parity, but none of the representations undoubtedly represents the power of the power of goddesses over Paris to the level that is achieved by Watteau. The iconographic essentials are in this picture just as they are in Cranach and Raphael. Paris is shown sitting on the lower part of the picture before the key form of Aphrodite. Athena is on the right, and she is already dressed. Hera is retreating at the top of the picture and is followed by Peacock, having said all these. The picture is quite contrary in its components from any that had gone before this because it is representing a valuable genius in this painting; the power of Paris is utterly destroyed. Paris almost cowers, and the way she puts her hands humbly over her head is not a gesture of a judge who is conferring an accolade but that of a supplicant making a submission. Athena and Hera see this too with Hera conceding already and Athena appearing to be shielding herself from the power of the winning goddess. The situation is more intricate that this, for the power that Aphrodite has is openly sexual. All attention is on her as she disrobes (except for Hermes turned away, of course). However, all that can be observed by the spectators in the representation is her lower half. Cupid makes sure that Paris gets a clear view of the genitals of Aphrodites, and that, it seems that it is enough to secure h er victory. Berger considers nudity as a process and not an act. The question is what process? A European humanism, which tried to view nakedness in terms of individuality, argued that nudity should be arrived at by piecing different parts of the body. The reason for this argument is that painting pictures of nude women is a personal interest. There are parts, that he likes most, and, therefore, will want those parts painted for him. Conclusion Bergers representation of these facts about women; can be generalized as fallacies that try to define nudity of women. It is not fair that Berger has these opinions on women. The nude presentation of women poses several discussions on whether women are quite sensual objects that are just there for the amusement of men. The techniques, which Berger has used, are not a fair representation of women. Contrary to Bergers believes, women are not passive in the society and are not sexual symbols. The oil paintings of naked people of whether male or female constitute nudity and should be viewed in the same way as nudity in women is viewed.