Unstable Relationships and Bipolar Personality Disorder

Unstable Relationships and Bipolar Personality Disorder BPD Print The Challenges of Unstable Interpersonal Relationships and BPD By Erin Johnston, LCSW Erin Johnston, LCSW is a therapist, counselor, coach, and mediator with a private practice in Chicago, Illinois. Learn about our editorial policy Erin Johnston, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 25, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 03, 2020  Adene Sanchez/Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions Does borderline personality disorder affect relationships between family members, friends, or other people in the community? How could BPD specifically create troubles, and what can be done to resolve these problems? Interpersonal Relationships in People With Borderline Personality Disorder Many people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have intense and unstable relationships with others.?? Their relationships tend to fluctuate between being all good or all bad and they can be unable to experience contradictory feelings when relating to the world or others. This black and white thinking, or splitting, can spill over into all relationships including those at school or work with peers, professors, and instructors, managers, and supervisors. How Splitting Harms Relationships Idealization and Devaluation Cycles in Relationships With BPD If you have BPD, you may initially idealize a person or situation, throwing yourself into a relationship fully and without reservation. However, soon something may occur that conflicts with this idealized view, such as a harsh comment from a supervisor, a poor grade on a paper or a fight with your partner. This can cause you to switch from an idealized view to one of devaluation. You may think that there is suddenly nothing good about the person or situation and there never was. Heightened sensitivity to rejection (abandonment sensitivity) may trigger your devaluing reaction. This sensitivity can cause you to overreact to real or perceived rejections. The feeling of rejection is overpowering and consuming and can feel very real, regardless of whether it was truly meant or unintended. In response to devaluation, you may erupt in anger, quit the related task,  become aggressive or just give up. It is possible that the person, relationship  or task will again be seen as ideal, but it is also possible that the negative view will remain constant or that the damage that occurred will be irreversible. Friendships can be destroyed, jobs quit or classes dropped. It can be a debilitating experience with significant consequences.   Coping with BPD in College Treating BPD and Managing Relationships Borderline personality disorder can have a significant impact on your relationships. Even with your family members, you may be sensitive to rejection, changes in plans or feelings of being slighted. These distortions in thinking can make you feel isolated, lonely and helpless.   In the past few years, significant progress has been made in understanding and treating BPD, both from a psychotherapy standpoint and through the use of medications. Therapy There are many treatment options that have been proven to be effective. Specific therapies that have shown promise in helping with the relational aspects of BPD include: Dialectal Behavior Therapy (DBT): DBT, sometimes called talk therapy is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy. It looks at cognition, or thought, and relates this to behavior, or actions.?? There are now other forms of therapy available which address relationship concerns with BPD, but DBT is one of the therapies that was first found most effective for BPD. There are four primary skills taught in DBT, with one being interpersonal effectiveness skills designed to help people successfully state their needs in a relationship and manage conflict.??Mentalization Therapy (MBT): MBT is a therapy that focuses on looking at your feelings, thoughts, and hopes, in order to see how they may be connected to your behaviors.?? MBT is a form of psychodynamic therapy which focuses on present situations rather than prior events and uses your relationship with the therapist to work through issues. Using specific examples or settings, MBT helps you to analyze both your feelings and the feelings and tho ughts of others in a specific situation.?? For example, if a friend of yours gets angry and leaves your home, you would address what feelings she had which may have prompted her behavior of leaving rather than focus on the behavior of leaving. In some cases, inpatient treatment may be necessary. Medications While there are currently no medications approved to treat BPD, medication is sometimes prescribed by doctors to help manage BPD symptoms and improve your interpersonal relationships. Some studies have shown that certain medications approved for other mental disorders are effective in controlling symptoms like anger, impulsivity, depression, and feelings of isolation.?? Results can vary greatly and it is unlikely that medication will completely eliminate these feelings; you can most likely expect modest results.   While medication may be a useful tool for managing your symptoms while undergoing therapy, many of the medications used have significant side effects. Before taking any pills, talk to your doctor and your therapist about potential side effects and if the advantages of medications outweigh the drawbacks. For some people, the risk is not worth the modest improvements in symptoms.   The Bottom Line Regardless if you take medication or not, therapy is essential for improving your relationships with others and managing your other symptoms. Talk to your doctor about your specific needs and concerns to come up with a strategy to meet your unique needs. Take the time to learn about some of the most common issues faced by people with BPD in their relationships. Dating and romantic relationships with BPD, in particular, tend to be chaotic and intense and it is important that both you and your partner understand some of these issues and how to address them before they become apparent. If you are living with someone with borderline personality disorder, it can be helpful to learn some of the ways in which a diagnosis of BPD affects the whole family. While learning about BPD either in yourself or a loved one can leave you feeling depressed, learning to understand the common issues and seeking out therapy can make a tremendous difference. Family therapy, in particular, can make a huge difference not just for someone living with BPD, but for the whole family.?? Borderline Personality Disorder and Your Family

The Trespass to Property Act Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Assignment: Tresspass to Property Act Ontario Powers of Arrest/Search The Trespass to Property Act has proven to be a very viable provincial law. It has been used countlessly to protect the interest of owners in charge of property, and has been used to apprehend those who have committed misconduct in relation to that property. Needless to say, the Trespass to Property Act has opened a gateway to legal authority over individuals who are citizens and not peace officers, in order to exercise their powers and to make arrests. Within this paper, I will be discussing with further detail as to what the Trespass to Property Act is, explaining the jurisdictions which security guards, or those in charge of the property have under the Trespass to Property Act, as well as previous cases which have dealt with the Trespass to Property Act. As mentioned before, the Trespass to Property Act is a provincial law within Ontario Canada that deals with illegal activity or entry conducte d onto private or public property (Service Canada e-laws). Thus, since it is a provincial law, any punishments or mechanisms of enforcement would also be provincial (Service Canada e-laws). The Trespass to Property Act is an effort to arrange what was previously known by the common law. In most case scenarios, the act is used by private-property owners only to keep undesirable persons off of their assets (Service Canada e-laws). Although this act is not only limited to prohibited entry of individuals. An individual may also be charged under this act if he or she engages in any sorts of prohibited activity on the premises, or does not exit the location as soon as possible after being told to do so by the occupant or a person authorized by the occupier (Service Canada e-laws). Furthermore there is a specific color of right defense, where if the accused who is being charged under the Trespass of Property Act had been involved with a situation of land claim and he or she truly believed that they were entitled to it, then the charge may be dropped (Service Canada e-laws). Prohibited entry may be indicated with or without indication if the premises is a garden, field, or other land that is under agriculture. This includes lawns, vineyards, and areas where trees have been planted before reaching an average height of two meters and woodlots used on land for unindustrialized reasons (Service Canada e-laws). Furthermore, entry is also prohibited amongst areas that are enclosed and that indicate the owners or authorized ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intention to keep people or animals away (Service Canada e-laws). On the other hand, if the property is not enclosed with indication of prohibited entry, and has doors which implicates approach then it is okay to do so (Service Canada e-laws). Under the Trespass of Property Act, methods of giving notice may be given in several ways. A notice may be given either orally or in writing, by means of signs posted so that the sign is visible in daylight and normal conditions, as well as by means of the marketing system which is in section 7 of the act (Service Canada e-laws). In essence the Trespass of Property Act enriches our quality of life in terms of our rights and freedoms. In terms of the jurisdiction amongst anyone including security guards, anyone authorized by the owner, the owner itself and even police officers, the Trespass of Property Act allows arrests without a warrant if he or she believes that on reasonable and probably grounds that there is an infringement of section 2 subsection 1 amongst the premises (Service Canada e-laws). In relation to this, the act also mentions that anyone who makes an arrest and is not a police officer is required to call for the assistance of an officer and hand the suspect who has been arrested to police custody (Service Canada e-laws). If in any case, a police officer believes on reasonable and probably grounds that an individual has made a violation of section 2 and has just left the area, and the suspect refuses to give a name or address to the police officer, then the officer may arrest without a warrant (Service Canada e-laws). On the other hand, if the officer has reasonable and probably grounds to believe that the information given is false, then he may also arrest without a warrant (Service Canada e-laws). Furthermore, if by any chance that an offence was committed by a motor vehicle or by a motorized snow vehicle, then the driver of the vehicle is responsible to the fine provided under this act (Service Canada e-laws). Lastly, there have been many real life situations where the Trespass to Property Act has been used in laying charges. In the case of R. v. Asante-Mensah, a taxi driver was repeatedly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“scoopingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  fares from the arrivals of Torontoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Pearson International Airport, and was doing so without a permit (Lexum, 2015). Under the Trespass of Property Act he had received notice und er section 3 although continued to do so anyway (Lexum, 2015). This prohibited him entry for any purpose from the airport. The taxi driver continued to brush off these fines and eventually the airport decided to put an end to the problem with the taxi drivers. The actions the airport decided to take was to use their powers of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“citizenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  arrest under section 9 of the Trespass of Property Act (Lexum, 2015). Evidently, an airport inspector had appeared and approached the accused, while touching him on the shoulder, and advising him that he was under arrest for trespassing and that he would be detained until the police show up (Lexum, 2015). In response, the accused entered his vehicle and escaped. During the trial, the judge came to the conclusion that the accused could not be sentenced of resisting a lawful arrest since the inspector had used à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reasonable forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  even though he was not sanctioned to do so (Lexum , 2015). Unfortunately, this is not the only incident of such misconduct. There are other incidents involved where the taxi of the accused was sitting at a curb unattended while two inspectors approached the vehicle, along with another à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“scoopersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  car. Once the Inspector saw the taxi driver, he then approached him, and touched him on the shoulder while informing him he was under arrest for trespassing and that he would be detained until the police arrived. The suspect responded by shoving his car door into the inspector which had caused the inspector to back away (Lexum, 2015). The driver of the taxi then proceeded to get in his vehicle and drive away, escaping the scene. Because of this incident, there was eventually a charge of assault with intent to resist arrest laid on the suspect (Lexum, 2015). Furthermore, the accused was also charged with escaping lawful custody (Lexum, 2015). In conclusion, the Trespass of Property Act implements an order of l egal protection amongst lands, buildings, or any other of such property. Throughout this paper, the specifics of what the Trespass of Property Act is, has been covered as well as its detailed information regarding its purpose as one of our provincial laws. Not only that, but the powers which individuals hold under the Trespass of Property Act such as security guards (including regular citizens), and police officers has also been discussed, as well as how such powers are exercised and for what reasons. With further regard, the paper has also demonstrated examples of cases which have dealt with charges concerning the Trespass of Property Act, and with what the outcome of these cases were. Hence, the importance of the Trespass of Property Act was established by demonstrating prevailed justice. From picking the topic about the Trespass of Property Act, I have personally been able to make connections to certain instances in my lifetime where I believe I may have been able to exercise my powers of a citizenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s arrest as well. Having said that, I can also recall to moments of my life where I myself may have been in trouble with regards to the Trespass of Property Act, being the devilish child I was in elementary school. Evidently, I have learned that this provincial statute may actually be more over à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" looked than it actually is, seeing that many citizens may not be aware of the powers of arrest which they have in terms of this act. Personally I believe that this act is able to give Canadian citizens within Ontario a greater sense of freedom and ownership of their property and belongings given the powers associated with it, and be able to make appropriate decisions whether to exercise those powers once the circumstances present themselves. Reference Material https://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90t21_e.htm https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2071/index.do Works Cited Trespass to Property Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. T.21. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from https://www.elaws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90t21_e.m Supreme Court Judgments. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2071/index.do

Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird - 816 Words

The novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee focuses on many themes but courage is mostly shown in the novel. In the novel, there are many examples where the characters have shown courage even when he/she knows that he/she is going to lose it. Atticus Finch is a great example of showing courage in the novel. He shows great courage because he defends a black man even though he knows he is going to lose the case. Another example of showing courage is Mrs. Dubose. She shows courage because she wants to break her morphine addiction even though she knows she is going to die. Boo Radley also shows courage in the novel when he comes out of isolation in order to save the children even though he knows he might be hurt into the spotlight. These three characters are the most important characters that will be featured about showing courage from the novel. In the novel, Atticus expresses one of man’s highest ideals, courage in the face of defeat. Atticus is appointed to defend Tom Robinso n, a Negro who was accused of raping Mayella Ewell. He simply is defending Tom because it was the right thing to do. He knows he would cause him troubles and perhaps his children will be involved, but Atticus is a very moral person. Another reason why he decides to defend Tom is to teach his children to do the right thing. Even though he accepted the case, he knows that he is going to lose: â€Å"‘Atticus, are we going to win it?’ ‘No, honey.’ ‘Then why–’ ‘simply because we were licked a hundred yearsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird1210 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom who and what surrounds us, things that help to form our identity. Prejudice is an integral theme in Harper Lee’s, To Kill A Mockingbird. Prejudice is evident throughout the novel, not just in the appalling racism but also through, prejudice against different sexual orientations, gender constructs and feminism. Society had certain constr ucts that had to be met. Throughout To Kill A Mockingbird, Lee breaks the bounds to overcome barriers, and challenge social constructs. This feature article delvesRead MoreHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay567 Words   |  3 Pagesexample in Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird, the small town of Maycomb struggles with these aspects. Each character of the novel has a strong personality. Scout Finch is tough, always has an opinion, and is a tomboy. On the other hand Boo Radley stays hidden most of the time, but we all know he is actually a friend to Jem and Scout. Then there is Tom Robinson, a hardworking, strong, and innocent man. But what do all these characters have in common? They can all be analyzed as mockingbirds. ThroughoutRead More Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird In the early twentieth century, the United States was undergoing a dramatic social change. 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Ethical Issues Regarding The American Nurses Association (...

Today nurses in all roles participate in ethical decision making arising from mortality, relationships, and conduct issues surrounding patient care and families. This is particularly the situation with ethical issues involving pediatrics and those unable to take their own decisions. While the patients’ interests should come first, there are many other factors that come into play when providing pediatric patient care: parents’ knowledge, cultural and religious practices, and the pediatric patient’s knowledge of their disease. Therefore, it is essential for nurses to follow the American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics to carry out nursing responsibilities in a manner consistent with quality in nursing care and the ethical obligations of the profession. In this paper I will discuss the ethical issues that deal with a fourteen year old boy with Cystic Fibrosis (C.F.). He has been faced with the proposition from his pulmonologist that he will not survive anoth er acute respiratory distress attack and will have to intubated if his status deteriorated. However, he and his parents are not agreeing on whether or not he should be intubated if his status deteriorated with his next attack. This poses a huge ethical dilemma because as a nurse we are the patient’s advocate and need to do everything we can to make our patient comfortable as well as having the parents understand and accept the patient wants and desires. The pertinent facts in this case is that Sean is a fourteenShow MoreRelatedCode of Ethics for Nurses Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: SYSTEM OF INQUIRY PAPER System of Inquiry Paper Wendell A. Garcia University of Phoenix March 18, 2008 American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics for Nurses Ethics is an integral part of the foundation of nursing. 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The nursing code of ethics is as follows: Provision 1: The nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respectRead MorePros And Cons Of Capital Punishment1471 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Capital punishment is one of the most controversial ethical issues that our country faces these days. Capital punishment is the legal penalty of death for a person that has performed heinous acts in the eyes of the judicial system. Discussion on whether capital punishment is humane or considered cruel and unusual punishment has been the main issue this of debate for years. Recent discussion goes far beyond the act itself but now brings into question whether medical personal shouldRead MoreEssay about Nursing Code of Ethics 1368 Words   |  6 PagesThe nursing code of ethics has a very standard definition. It is the base on how nurses should guide themselves in conduct by making the right decision regarding ethical issues. According to the National Student Nurses Association â€Å"students of nursing have a responsibility to society in learning the academic theory and clinical skills needed to provide nursing care† (2003). In the clinical setting nurses have a lot of respons ibilities while caring for an ill patient, they have the obligation to practiceRead MoreNursing Code Of Ethics, Personal And Societal Values, And The Legal Aspects Of The Nursing1251 Words   |  6 Pagesin the nursing profession, nurses must be prepared to assess and support the diverse needs of the patient and their family. Every nurse, regardless of his or her specialty, encounters ethical challenges. However, public health nurses may face unique challenges in their distinct focus on the health of the population in addition to individuals (Haugh Mildon, 2005). In this research paper, I will consider two case studies from the perspective of the nursing code of ethics, personal and societal values

Computer Use Policy What Is Ethical - 1605 Words

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Shakespeares Midsummer Nights Dream is An Elizabethan...

An Elizabethan Era Play with a Greek Twist William Shakespeare wrote the play, A Midsummer Nights Dream, sometime in the 1590s. The play, a romantic comedy, portrays the adventures of four young lovers, an amateur actors group, their interactions with a Duke and Duchess, and with fairies in a moonlit forest. Although Shakespeare used certain themes in this play to portray Greek aspects, the reflection of Elizabethan England is dominant in several different ways. Shakespeares use of fairies, the way women are treated, and the use of a class system in this play are all perfect examples of how very Elizabethan this beloved tale actually is. The Elizabethan era was approximately 1558-1603. During this period†¦show more content†¦Shakespeare infuses his own ideals into his fairy characters in order to make them a bit more Shakespearean. He keeps the Elizabethan ideals of beauty and nature, and makes his fairies small and with wings. Shakespeare?s use of fairies in his play proved to be a popular move amongst not only those in Elizabethan England, but readers since. In Shakespeare?s play, numerous examples were given as to how the women are treated like second class citizens. Those examples are concurrent with the Elizabethan time period pertaining to the rules of dating and marriage, respect for elders, and obedience to figures of authority. Children were the property of their parents, and gave them the respect that a servant might give to his master. This was a time when male domination was the norm. In this patriarchal society, women had very little, if any, choice in whom their husbands were to be. In order for families to benefit, marriages were arranged. Shakespeare demonstrates this in the relationships between the dominant Theseus, Egeus, and Oberon and the characters they attempt to control. Egeus demands that his daughter, Hermia, must either marry Demetrius or answer to Athenian law. Theseus orders that if Hermia does not marry his so n, she will face death or be sent to a nunnery. Oberon, the king of fairies, after arguing with his Titania over an Indian boy, decides that he will disregard her wants and attempt to control her withoutShow MoreRelatedThe Origins Of Drama And Theatre2001 Words   |  9 Pagesfor the audience atop the stage. A play is defined as â€Å"a dramatic composition† or â€Å"the stage representation of an action or story† (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary). This refers to drama being performed live by actors on a stage. Ancient Greece is accredited to inventing theatre and drama. In Greece during that time, at the height of popularity, were the stories of the well known flawed heroes and their journeys. Ancient Greece Comedy was a popular type of play in Ancient Greece, only second to

On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense Free Essays

string(193) " the unusual step of elaborating this metaphor in another direction, for what man reaps is â€Å"continually inflowing illumination†, a metaphor one would associate with a river, not a harvest\." 1. Introduction In the following I will consider Nietzsche’s essay ‘On truth and Lies in a nonmoral sense’.   First I will look at a small section of this to work out his views on language, then I will examine the whole of the essay in order to consider his use of metaphor, metonymy and anthropomorphisms in detail. We will write a custom essay sample on On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense or any similar topic only for you Order Now This examination will lead, by way of a consideration of the ways in which he uses metaphor and other devices, into a consideration of his arguments regarding the nature of language. I will put forward the view that his interpretation of the nature of language undermines itself as it seeks to put itself forward as a truth while denying that truth exists as such. 2. Truth and Language First, I consider the passage which starts â€Å"What then is truth†.   In this passage, Nietzsche wants to convey the flexible and changing quality of language.   The statements which we take as truth, straightforward and easy to understand, were in fact originally more akin to poetry in their relationship with how things really are. Language which was originally used in a metaphoric, metonymic or anthropomorphic way has lost the vital force of the original statements, the original power of the symbolic use of language has become lost and only a shell remains. Over time the non-literal original sense has become literal so we take the words as a straightforwardly true or false statement.  Ã‚   In the original use of language, people could understand that the terms were not meant literally but a rich and evocative picture of how things are. This richness has become lost and we are left only with the empty structural force of the language, which we interpret as simple truth. This is my overall understanding of this paragraph. However it is difficult to paraphrase accurately, due to the richness of the language Nietzsche uses. We could in fact say that his contention that â€Å"truths are illusions which we have forgotten are illusions† is couched in terms which are in themselves heavily metaphorical, rather than the propositions which would be easy to paraphrase. Truth, in the paragraph in question, is ‘a movable host’, an ‘illusion’, something which is ‘drained of sensuous force’ and a ‘coin’.   The associations of these are rich, but not necessarily reconcilable. A coin, for instance, is not an illusion as it is an everyday part of economic exchange.   Therefore, the most important facet of Nietzsche’s argument would seem to be that it is not a conventional argument; rather he uses poetry and metaphor to demonstrate the nature or language, rather than explain it in a step by step way. I now turn to the larger essay of which this quotation is a part.   There are a host of metaphors, metonymies and anthropomorphisms in it[1], and as pointed out in the question it is easy to overlook these.  Ã‚   I will pick out a few of these to discuss why it is easy to overlook them.   Part of the reason would seem to be that the text is simply so dense with them. In some sentences,   several of these devices being crammed into it. Take, for example, the first few sentences (1).   â€Å"World history† is described as â€Å"arrogant and mendacious†; an anthropomorphic device ascribing human characteristics to an abstract notion. Nature, likewise, is said to â€Å"draw a few breaths† which combines anthropomorphism with the metaphor of taking a while to pause.   Later in the same paragraph, nature is said to â€Å"swell up like a balloon† which again combines metaphor and anthropomorphism.   As well as the denseness with which these devices are packed, it is also the case that a more obvious device masks one in the same sentence which is less flamboyant.   For example, in the sentence quoted immediately above, nature is also described as â€Å"reprehensibleâ€Å": a quality which properly speaking should really be ascribed to humans only. This less noticeable anthropomorphism somehow comes across as a literal statement. I suspect this is part of Nietzsche’s intention, as it shows the way in which language can slip from being thoroughly poetic to less obviously so. The structure of his essay works to underline this. Passages of a less metaphorical or metonymic nature occur in between passages where the use of these devices, together with anthropomorphism, is dense.  Ã‚   For example, Nietzsche discusses (4) how metaphor is involved in every step of verbalization and conceptualization from sense perception to abstract terms. This discussion is couched in reasonably straightforward language without obvious use of metaphor and the like. Passages such as these are, however, set against ones in which the language is dense with poetic devices, where, as Nietzsche says there is â€Å"a moveable host of metaphors, metonymies, and anthropomorphisms† (5).  Ã‚   Such poetic passages require a different type of reading, one in which we are forced to recognize language as the dense and image-packed structure Nietzsche would have us believe it is in its entirety. In other words, I would contend that the mixing of metaphorical passages with more ’straightforward’ ones is a device intended to remind us of the inherently metaphorical nature of all words. Another way in which Nietzsche uses the devices reinforces the above. The metaphorical, metonymical and anthropomorphic passages provide a vivid and strong illustration of his points in the more straightforward sections. For example, he talks about man’s need for deception (2) â€Å"a continuous fluttering around the solitary flame of vanity†. The visual image thus constructed powerfully reiterates the later points he makes about the nature of truth and the value it plays for mankind.  Ã‚   He appeals, as it were, to both our intellect and our senses. Section two of the essay is rich   in unusual use of metaphor and other devices.   Perhaps the most dense passage occurs at the end, where Nietzsche talks about intuitive (as opposed to rational) man.   He piles device upon device to reiterate the way he portays intuitive man. He is said to â€Å"reap† â€Å"a harvest† from his intuition, but Nietzsche takes the unusual step of elaborating this metaphor in another direction, for what man reaps is â€Å"continually inflowing illumination†, a metaphor one would associate with a river, not a harvest. You read "On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense" in category "Essay examples" I believe Nietzsche compounds metaphors in this way in order to demonstrate that the sense of what he is saying is not straightforward but has depths and resonates in different directions. It is also unusual that these two metaphors hide another, at the beginning of the sentence, where man is said to be â€Å"standing in the midst of a culture†.   Here one could almost overlook the metaphoric nature of the expression, as it is close to a common-sense expression. I’d suggest that here Nietzsche is using the more unusual figures of speech as a way of alerting   us to the metaphorical nature of all expression, including cases like this where the metaphor has almost passed into ordinary use. Another remarkable passage starts section two. Here the scientist is described as building his â€Å"hut†, which is equated with his understanding of the world. The imagery here is particularly rich and evocative, drawing up a visual image of a towering structure.   It would seem that Nietzsche uses such particularly visual imagery to introduce his discussion of dreams, for the words evoke images akin to dreaming consciousness. A final point I would make about the use of metaphorical devices centers on his use of different metaphors (in this case with an animal theme) to reinforce his points.   For example, when talking about the development of conceptualization, he compares it to both building upon a spider’s web and to a bee’s building with wax (7).   Earlier in the same passage he talks of this conceptualization in the context of the Roman gods.  Ã‚   Because he repeats metaphors taken from levels ‘above’ and ‘below’ that of man, it is as if he is creating an over-metaphor which draws attention to man’s nature and its distinctness from the animal kingdom and that of the gods, which in turn serves to reinforce his notion of the subjectivity of language and perception. I now turn to the general points made about language in the essay as a whole. Firstly, I will give an overview of the essay itself before turning to a critique of Nietzsche’s points.   The essay divides into two parts, and the tone of each is slightly different. The first contains more argument of a philosophical nature, although in the context of rhetorical passages, whereas the second is more lyrical in tone throughout.   In part one, Nietzche discusses man’s intellect. We think we are the centre of the universe, and that our knowledge is a special thing, but so do the most lowly members of the animal kingdom. Our nature is inherantly deceptive, not aimed towards truth, however due to social constraints we feel it necessary to embrace truth in order to become part of a social world.   He then turns to the nature of truth, which for Neitzsche is inherantly illusionary and based on metaphor. Looking at the way in which we come to understand the world, this is based not on an actual coherence to things in themselves but an illusion,   even at the most basic perceptual stage.   Likewise concepts and abstractions have no inherant connection to the ‘real’ state of the world. The moral impulse towards truth is nothing more than a Darwinian survival of the fittest.   Man cannot escape the trap of his inherantly metaphorical viewpoint, which is also specific to the human species alone. However, to give ourselves a sense of security, we have to forget the metaphorical nature of understanding and take our experience as an experience of how things really are. Nietzsche concludes part one with a summary of the subjectivity of man’s experience. Part two has a different tone, being more poetical overall.   He starts by dismissing the claims of science to impart general truths which hold for all time. He reiterates that the drive to metaphor is the most important. Dreams are a way in which we can begin to understand the richness of the creative and metaphorical drive for what it is, a drive which is distinct from the scientific, rational one. In this section, Nietzsche seems to be hinting, against the first section, that through dreams and art man can perhaps come to an understanding of the role metaphor plays in language and truth. Nietzsche makes several general assertions about the nature of language in his essay. His foremost point is that language is inherently metaphorical.   As pointed out, he reiterates this by use of the type of device he believes is a model of language.  Ã‚   This, I think, is the central theme of his essay, and one which, by his use of language, he puts across most subtlety.   However, there seems to be a problem with his view point.   He seems to be taking the viewpoint of someone who can say what is true and what is not. He wants to say that truth as we perceive it is an illusion, but does not explain why we should believe his illusion rather than any other.   He does not merely want to suggest by poetic devices that truth is an illusion, but to argue that this is the case.  Ã‚   He wants to do philosophy, not poetry, and philosophy is concerned with using rational argument to put forward ones own case, and dismiss opposing views.   The problem is that any argument he uses to support his own view also works against this view. I believe Nietzsche’s other points are flawed also.   Man’s nature, he contends, is to deceive himself, and this, he postulates, is for a Darwinian end, the survival of the individual (2).  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first instinct of the individual is self-preservation, and hence to deceive. However, social forces come into play; if man wants to exist happily with others he cannot be seen to tell lies, that is, to disagree with the herd.   Therefore the desire for truth comes into play. Truth is useful to society. Man does not desire truth for his own sake, as the philosophers say, rather he â€Å"desires the pleasant, life-preserving consequences of truth† (3).  Ã‚   Nietzsche thus postulates a socially driven theory of truth, where the quest for knowledge is an illusion, and social reality the only reality.   My argument with this would be it fails to explain cases where individuals act in a way which they know will make their position in their social group uncomfortable and unpleasant, and do so because they want to find the truth. Nietzsche talks about the way in which humans develop language to argue that metaphor is always present from original sense perceptions (3-4).   He says â€Å"a nerve stimulus is transferred into an image: first metaphorâ€Å" (4).   After this, he says, each subsequent stage is also built upon metaphor. However, I would argue that in order to distinguish a metaphor as such, we need to have a concept of how things really are, in order that we can know when descriptions are metaphorical (that is, not literal).   If, as Nietzsche argues, metaphor exists from the very first act of perception, then how can we make sense of a distinction between metaphor and non-metaphor? There is also, I believe, a confusion in the essay about the status of what Nietzsche proposes. He suggests that man had to erase the understanding of the metaphorical nature of language from his consciousness in order to live with any sense of security, and also that if man could escape from the confines of this prison-like viewpoint, â€Å"his â€Å"self-consciousness† would be immediately destroyed† (8).   This suggests that man is permanently trapped in the view of language as a truth bearing vehicle, unable to see things as they really are. This is problematic in two ways. First, that Nietzsche obviously thinks he can stand outside this language trap in order to explain how others are bound by it. Secondly, he seems to suggest at the same time that man can come to the realization that the nature of language and indeed life is other than he believes it to be, which assumes that the prison of language is one that can, and should be overcome.   This confusion seems at least partly to derive from the two sections of the essay, which are different in tone. In the second section he seems to be saying that art is one way in which man can free himself from the confines of language and â€Å"confuse the conceptual categories and cells by bringing forward new transferences, metaphors, and metonymies† (10). 3. Conclusion In the above, I have attempted a brief analysis of Nietzsche’s essay. I have attempted to bring out his central point, that language is essentially metaphorical, and also to look his other discussions of the nature language and truth plays for man.   I have looked at the ways in which he uses metaphor, metonymy and anthropomorphism in different ways, each of which underline his central ideas about language.   I have tried to show that, for me, his arguments although subtle and dense are ultimately not coherent, as he tries to step outside the framework of metaphor to explain how things ‘really are’. I also suggest that although Nietzsche is attempting philosophy, to convince the reader that he has a valid thesis and to present the argument for this, it is difficult to answer his case fully as he uses the resources of a poet as well as a philosopher.   It is not within the brief to use poetry and metaphor to answer Nietzsche, so there’s a sense in which I am unable to answer him on his own terms. [1]   briefly, a metaphor is when one thing is compared to another by saying â€Å"a is b† or similar, for example â€Å"my heart is a fountain†, where b is something which a is not normally literally said to be.   Metonymy is where a feature of something is used as a shorthand for the thing itself. For example, a school child might refer to a particular teacher as ’big nose’.   Finally anthropomorphism is when human characteristics are ascribed to animals: Nietzsche’s use seems also to include the ascription of specifically human traits to an impersonal non-human world. How to cite On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense, Essay examples